Autoren C

Caetano, A., Garcia-Márquez, M., Mateo, J.A. & L.F. López-Jurado (1999): Liberación experimental de dos lagartos gigantes de El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi) croados en cautividad. – In: López-Jurado, L.F. & J.A. Mateo Miras (eds.): El lagarto gigante de El Hierro. Bases para su conservación. Asociación Herpetológica Española. Monografias de Herpetologica, 4: 241-261.(66-26)

Since 1986, the insular, endangered Hierro Giant Lizard (Gallotia simonyi machadoi: Lacertidae) has been subjected to captive breeding for conservation purposes at El Hierro (Canary Islands). Due to the lack of a reintroduction plan, presently the captive stock probably outnumbers the wild population of the species, which only occurs at a steep cliff within the island. For the first time, two adult males, fitted with radiocollars, were freed in the wild. The lizards were released at La Dehesa, a pre-selected sit devoid of current populations of the species, but belonging to its historic range as evidenced by plenty of subfossil remains. The study was aimed to test whether the captive reared lizards are good subjects for a reintroduction program, and whether the selected area still suits well their ecological requirements. For months, both lizards stayed close to the release plot, dug burrows and found food. Body weight losses during the dry season were overcome in the following humid seasons, as food availabity improved. Activity cycles and feeding were favoured by better thermal conditions than those experienced by the wild and captive populations. Adter 140 days, one of the lizards was killed by a feral cat, as has been shown to happen in the wild population. Our results shows that the extant wild population of G. simonyi bears sub-optimal ecological conditions. A reintroduction of captive reared lizards in well preserved habitats of the islands in both recommendable and feasible, provided that a feral cat control program is undertaken.

Calera, A.

Calera, A. & J. Cano (1979): Estudios cariológicos de las especies Algyroides marchi Valverde y Lacerta hispanica vaucheri Boulenger (Reptilia, Lacertidae). – Doñana, Acta Vertebrata, Sevilla, 6 (2): 221-225.

Camerano, L.

Camerano, L. (1877): Considerazioni sul genere Lacerta Linn. e descrizione du die nuove specie. – Atti. R. Accad. Sci., Torino, 13: 1-22.

CAMERANO, L. (1877): Considerazione sul genere Lacerta LINN. e descrizione di due nuove specie. – Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 13: 79-98.

Camerano, L. (1885): Monografia dei sauri italiani. – Zoologischer Anzeiger, 8: 417-419.

Camerano, L. (1885): Monografia die sauri italiani. – Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, (2) 37: 491-591.

Camerano, L. (1886): Della Lacerta taurica PALLAS in Italia. – Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 1: 84-85.

Cano, C.

Cano, C. (1984): La comunidad de lacertidos (Lacertidae, Squamata) de un encinar continental. Ciclo annual de actividad. Tesina de Licenciatura. Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

Cano, J.

Cano, J., Báez, M., López-Jurado, L.F. & G. Ortega (1984): Karyotype and chromosome structure in the lizard, Gallotia galloti in the Canary Islands. – Journal of Herpetology, 18 (3): 344-346. (05-29)

Cano, J., Pretel, A., Sanchez, M.L. & J.C. Orozco (1984): Estudios cariológicos en Algyroides marchi (Valverde) y Lacerta hispanica vaucheri (Boulenger). – XIV Journadas de Genética Luso-Españolas.

Capaldo, A.

CAPALDO, A., LAFORGIA, V., VARANO, L., PUTTI, R. & A. CAVAGNUOLO (1988): The distribution of chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland of Lacertidae. – Atti Sympos. On the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. Napoli, IV.

CAPALDO, A., LAFORGIA, V., VARANO, L., PUTTI, R. & A. CAVAGNUOLO (1991): Distributive patterns of chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland of reptiles belonging to family Lacertidae. – Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I., 4, Mucchi, Modena: 431-437.

Capocaccia, L.

Capocaccia, L. (1955): Le lucertole dell´isola de Rodi. – Doriana, 2, Nr. 66.

Capolongo, Domenico

Capolongo, D. (1979): Nota preliminare su di una forma microinsulare di Podarcis sicula (Rafinesque) dell´isola di Dino nel mar Tirreno. – Boll. Soc. Natur. Napoli, 87: 387-392.

Capolongo, D. (1984): Note sull´ erpetofauna Pugliese. – Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, 125: 189-200. (54-10)

Remarks on some reptiles from Apulia (SE Italy), especially on Coluber viridiflavus, and description of two new microinsular subspecies: Coluber viridiflavus antoniimanueli from S. Andrea Island, near Gallipoli, and Podarcis sicula aemiliani from the Apani Rocks, neas Brindisi.

Lacerta viridis, Podarcis sicula, Podarcis sicula aemiliani.

Capriglione, T.

Capriglione, T. (1995): Satellite DNA and phylogeny of lacertid lizards. – In: Llorente, G.A., A. Montori, X. Santos & M.A. Carretero (eds.): Scientia Herpetologica. Barcelona. 68-70. (60-13)

Satellite DNA located on heterochromatic areas are of particular interest, since they may be used as a probe to estimate phyletic distances between species. In the review, four different satellite DNA families so far isolated from the lacertid genome are described. Though conservativeness and divergence rate are not the same for all satellite DNAs, they appear as a useful too for phylogenetic and taxonomic investigations. In fact, the results obtained agree quite well with those from morphological and immunological studies.

Podarcis sicula, Podarcis muralis, Podarcis tiliguerta, Podarcis taurica, Podarcis hispanica, Algyroides fitzingeri, Algyroides moreoticus, Lacerta graeca, Lacerta dugesii, Lacerta lepida, Lacerta viridis, Lacerta vivipara, Archaeolacerta bedriagae, Archaeolacerta saxicola, Psammodromus hispanicus.

Capriglione, T., Cardone, A., Odierna, G. & E. Olmo (1990): Uso dei DNA satellite nello studio della filogenesi: il modelo dei lacertidi. – Atti 53 congreso dell´U.Z.I., Palerma 1-5 Ottobre 1990. 319-320.

Capriglione, T., Cardone, A., Odierna, G. & E. Olmo (1991): Evolution of a centromeric satellite DNA and phylogeny of lacertid lizards. – Comp. Biochem. Phys., 100B (3): 641-645.

Capriglione, T., Cardone, A., Odierna, G. & E. Olmo (1994): Further data on the occurrence and evolution of satellite DNA families in the lacertid genome. – Chromosome Research, 2: 327-330.

Capriglione, T., Desanto, M.G., Odierna, G. & E. Olmo (1998): An alphaoid satellite DNA sequence is present in the genome of a lacertid lizard. – J. Mol. Evol., 46: 240-244.

Capriglione, T., Olmo, E., Odierna, G. & L.A. Kupriyanova (1994): Mechanisms of differentiation in the sex chromosomes of some Lacertidae. – Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden, 15: 1-8. (02-20)

Cytological and molecular evidence is provided to cheracterize the sex chromosomes of several species of Lacertidae. Observations on pachytene and lampbrush stages show that sex chromosomes have different condensation cycles and are only partially paired during meiosis. Bkm probe hybridization to Pst I-treated genomic DNA of Podarcis sicula and Lacerta vivipara shows the same pattern both in males and females. In situ hybridization of the same probe to Lacerta vivipara chromosomes shows no preferential localization of this DNA sequence. The results obtained clearly exclude the possible involvement of Bkm in sex-chromosome differentiation in the species investigated.

Lacerta graeca, Lacerta viridis, Lacerta vivipara, Podarcis sicula, Podarcis wagleriana.

Capriglione, T., Olmo, E., Odierna, G., Smith, D.I. & O.J. Miller (1989): Genome composition and tandemly repetitive sequence at some centromeres in the lizard Podarcis s. sicula Raf. – Genetica, 79: 85-91.

Capula, Massimo

Capula, M. (1990): Ricerche sulla struttura genetica di genetica di Podarcis sicula, P. wagleriana e P. filfolensis (Reptilia: Lacertidae): aspetti tessomomici ed evolutivi. – Ph.D. Thesis, Universitei di Bologna, Bologna.

Capula, M. (1993): Natural hybridization in Podarcis sicula and P. wagleriana (Reptilia: Lacertidae). – Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 52: 177-196.

Capula, M. (1992): Competetive exclusion between Podarcis lizards from Tyrrhenian islands: Inference from comparative species distributions. – In: Korsós, Z. & I. Kiss (eds.): Proc. 6th Ord. Gen. Meet. S.E.H., Budapest 1991: 89-93. (24-13)

Podarcis sicula is an opportunistic and eurikous lacertid lizard occurring as autochthon species in peninsular Italy, Sicily and in a number of Tyrrhenian islands and islets (HENLE & KLAVER 1986). It inhabits also the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia and several Adriatic islands (NEVO et al. 1972).
Distributional and genetic data indicate that in some Tyrrhenian islands, e.g. Sardinia, Corsica, Tuscan Archipelago, this lizard has been accidentally introduced by man in proto-historic or historic times, invading the range of other Podarcis species (e.g., P. tiliguerta, P. muralis) (LANZA 1983, 1988, CORTI et al. 1989). In these islands the allochthone P. sicula seems to have competed successfully with the native congeneric species, reducing their range (e.g., P. tiliguerta in Corsica and Sardinia) (LANZA 1983, 1988), or replacing them through competitive exclusion (e.g., P. muralis in the Tuscan Archipelago) (CORTI et al. 1989).
In the present paper preliminary data are given on the occurrence of exclusion of P. wagleriana by P. sicula in the Aeolian Islands (Sicily). P. wagleriana is endemic to Sicily, Aegadian, Stagnone (Isola Grande) and Aeolian Islands, and has been traditionally considered closely related to P. sicula.

CAPULA, M.(1993): Natural hybridization in Podarcis sicula and P. wagleriana (Reptilia: Lacertidae). – Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21: 373-380.

Capula, M. (1994): Evolutionary relationships of Podarcis lizards from Sicily and the Maltese Islands. – J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research, 32: 180-192. (64-07)

The electrophoretic variation at 26 presumptive gene loci was investigated in populations of the closely related species Podarcis sicula, P. wagleriana, P. raffonei, and P. filfolensis. Low values of proportion of polymorphic loci (P) and mean observed heterozygosity (H°) were found in P. sicula (P=0.10; H°=0.016), P. wagleriana (P=0.13; H°=0.029), and P. raffonei (P=0.08; H=0.017), while higher levels of genetic variability were observed in P. filfolensis (P=0.17; H°=0.054). In the latter species, a multiple regression analysis was carried out in order to analyse the geographic correlates of P and H°. The results of this analysis were consistent with the predictions of the time-divergence theory of variation, supporting the conclusion that directional selection in the main force eroding genetic variation in small islands. Intraspecific values of NEI´s (1972) standard genetic distance were relatively low in P. sicula (average D=0.024), P. wagleriana (D=0.004), and P. filfolensis (average D=0.012), while higher in P. raffonei (D=0.040). The lizards from Pantelleria Islands, which were considered by BISCHOFF (1986) to be very similar to P. filfolensis from Malta on the basis of a superficial analysis of the coloration pattern, were shown to actually belong to P. sicula. This confirms that tha range of P. filfolensis only includes the Maltese Archipelago, Linosa Island, and the islet of Lampione. Surprisingly, the samples of P. filfolensis from the Pelagic Islands (Linosa and Lampione) were very similar to those from the Maltese Archipelago (average D=0.016). This could be explained by rafting or anthropogenic introduction of P. filfolensis on Linosa and Lampione. Podarcis wagleriana and P. raffonei were genetically related (average D=0.152), confirming the results of previous electrophoretic investigations. Podarcis filfolensis, though showing some morphological affinity with P. wagleriana, was genetically highly differentiated from this latter species (average D=0.526), while being more similar to P. sicula (average (D=0.306). This indivcates a close relationship between P. sicula and P. filfolensis, suggesting that P. sicula and P. filfolensis probably diverged from a common ancestor, and that the apparent similarity between P. filfolensis and P. wagleriana could be merely due to morphological convergence.

Capula, M. (1994): Allozyme variation and differentiation in the lacertid lizard, Podarcis wagleriana (Reptilia: Lacertidae). – Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 52: 177-196.

CAPULA, M. (1994): Population genetics of a colonizing lizard: loss of variability in introduced populations of Podarcis sicula. – Experientia, 50: 691-696.

Capula, M. (1996): Evolutionary genetics of the insular lacertid lizard Podarcis tiliguerta genetic structure and population heterogeneity in a geographically fragmented species. – Heredity, 77: 518-529.

Capula, M. (1997): Genetic divergence and phylogenetic inferences in the genus Podarcis. – In: Rocek, Z. & S. Hart (eds.): Abstracts of the Third Herpetological Congress of Herpetology, Prague: Third World Congress of Herpetology. (64-16)

Podarcis (Teira) dugesii, Lacerta lepida,, Podarcis milensis, Podarcis melisellensis, Podarcis filfolensis, Podarcis hispanica, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis pityusensis.

CAPULA, M. (1997): High genetic variability in insular populations of the lacertid lizard Podarcis muralis. - Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 25 (5): 411-417.
Abstract:
Allozyme electrophoresis was used to study genetic variability in Italian insular populations of the ecologically variable lizard Podarcis muralis. To test the theory predicting more genetic variation in mainland than in island populations, polymorphism and heterozygosity also were estimated in mainland populations of P. muralis from Italy, Spain and Austria. The results of this investigation showed that levels of genetic variability in insular populations were significantly higher than those in mainland populations. This is probably because the insular populations inhabit marginal environments characterized by temporal-ecological instability. In these environments high heterozygosity levels can be preserved after colonization events, unless founder populations are so small that bottleneck effects occur.

CAPULA, M. (2000): Podarcis muralis. – In: Bologna M.A. et al (eds.): Anfibi e Rettili del Lazio. Fratelli Palombi Editori, Roma. 84-85.

Capula, M. (2002): Genetic evidence of natural hybridization between Podarcis sicula and Podarcis tiliguerta (Reptilia: Lacertidae). – Amphibia-Reptilia, 23: 313-321.

CAPULA, M. (2004): Low genetic variation in a critically endangered Mediterranean lizard: conservation concerns for Podarcis raffonei (Reptilia, Lacertidae). – Italian Journal of Zoology, 71, Suppl. 1: 161-166.

CAPULA, M. (2004): Population heterogeneity and conservation concerns for Podarcis raffonei, a critically endangered mediterranean lacertid lizard. – In: Corti, C. & P. Lo Cascio (eds.): 5th Intern. Symp. Lacertids Medit. Basin. Abstracts. Firenze, Firenze University Press. p. 10.

CAPULA, M. (2006): Population heterogeneity and conservation of the Aeolian wall lizard, Podarcis raffonei. – In: Corti, C., Cascio, P.L. & M. Biaggini (eds): Mainland and insular lacertid lizards: a mediterranean perspective. – Firenze University Press, Firenze. 24-32.
Abstract:
The conservation status of Podarcis raffonei, native to the Aeolian Islands (north-east of Sicily, Tyrrhenian Sea), is assessed anaslyzing in genetic structure and evidencing factors affecting the survival of the species. Genetiv variation in the species is quite low and genetic subdivision is high, as compared to other lacertid lizards. The four remaining populations of P. raffonei are under severe threat from the effects of habitat alteration, interspecific competition, collecting and trade, very low population density and inbreeding, population fragmentation, and apparent loss of genetic variation. Possible management and conservation measures are suggested.

CAPULA, M. (2006): Podarcis wagleriana Gistel, 1868. – In: Sindaco, R., Doria, G., Razzetti, E. & F. Bernini (eds.): Atlante degli e dei Rettili d’Italia. Polistampa, Firenze. 494-497.

CAPULA, M. & A. CERCCARELLI (2003): Distribution on genetic variation and taxonomy of insular and mainland populations of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis sicula. – Amphibia-Reptilia, 24: 483-495.

CAPULA, M., CHIANTINI, S. & A. LOY (2001): Geometric morphometrics and geographic variation in the insular lacertid lizards Podacis raffonei, P. sicula and P. wagleriana. – 11th Ordinary General Meetin of Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SHE), Zalec, Slovenia, July 13-17, 2001, Abstracts, Biota, 2, Supplement: 58.

Capula, M., Lapini, L. & E. Capanna (1989): The karyotype of Lacerta horvathi (Reptilia, Sauria, Lacertidae). – Genetica, 79: 11-16.

CAPULA, M. & P. LO CASCIO (2006): Podarcis raffonei. – In: Sindaco, R, Doria, G., Razzetti, E. & F. Bernini (eds.): Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili d’Italia / Atlas of Italian Amphibians and Reptiles. Societas Herpetologica Italica, Edizione Polistampa, Firenze, 480-485.

Capula, M. & L. Luiselli (1977): Population dynamics of Podarcis raffonei. – Herpetology ´97, Abstracts of the Third World Congress of Herpetology, 2-10 August 1997, Prague: 246.

Capula, M. & L. Luiselli (1990): Notes on the occurrence and distribution of Lacerta horvathi Méhely, 1904 in Federal Republik of Germany. – Herpetological Journal, London, 1: 535-536. (51-01)

Capula, M. & L. Luiselli (1992): Activity petterns of Algyroides fitzingeri in semi-natural conditions. – Herpetol. Rev., 23: 75-77.

Capula, M. & L. Luiselli (1993): Northernmost Horvath´s Rock lizard populations, the Vipera xanthina complex and the meaning of a correct herpetology: Within what limits should authors of science act? – Die Eidechse, Bonn/Bremen, 1993 (8): 8-14. (13-04)

Capula, M., Luiselli, L., Bologna, M.A. & A. Ceccarelli (2002): The decline of the Aeolian wall lizard, Podarcis raffonei: causes and conservation proposals. – Oryx, 36 (1): 66-72.

Capula, M., Luiselli, L. & L. Rugiero (1993): Comparative ecology in sympatric Podarcis muralis and P. sicula (Reptilia: Lacertidae) from the historical centre of Rome. What about competition and niche segregation in an urban habitat? – Boll. Zool., 60: 287-291. (23-27)

Some aspects of comparative ecology in two sympatric Podarcis species, P. muralis and P. sicula, were studied in an urban park of Rome. Both specieds preyed on a wide variety of invertebrates, but mainly on insects. Food niche breadth was wider in P. muralis, and this is possibly related to the higher microhabitat heterogeneity of the species in the study area. Food niche overlap was relatively high. Activity patterns (annual cycle, daily activity) were rather similar in the two lacertid lizards. Fecundity did not differ significantly between species, female snout-vent length and clutch size being positively correlated. At least two clutches per year were detected in eacgh species. In each of the two study sites chosen in the urban park the density of both species did not vary significantly amongst years. Podarcis muralis appeared to be the only species inhabiting humid places with dense vegetation, while P. sicula was numerically more abundant than P. muralis in sunny and dry spots. Although conclusions based on the present data require further investigations, they seem to indicate that the studies urban lizard community is organized through specific ecological needs of each species rather than by species interactions.

Capula, M., Nascetti, L. & L. Bullini (1988): Genetic differentiation among species of the genus Podarcis (Reptilia: Lacertidae). – Boll. Zool., 55 (Suppl.): 49.

Capula, M., Nascetti, G. & E. Capanna (1982): Chromosome uniformity in Lacertidae: New data on four Italian species. – Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden, 3 (2-3): 207-212. (56-24)

The chromosome complements of Podarcis filfolensis, P. tiliguerta, P. wagleriana and Archaeolacerta bedriagae were analyzed in bone marrow somatic mitoses as well as in meiotic diakinesis. All four species are characterized by the typical lacertid karyotype consisting of 38 chromosomes (36 acrocentric macrochromosomes pls 2 microchromosomes). Adaptive stability of karytypes, as a resful of a canalization process of chromosomal evolution, and absence of complex social behaviour promoting population subdivision and inbreeding, are the evolutionary factors presumably correlated with the remarkable conservativeness of karyotype observed within the family Lacertidae.

Capula, M., Nascetti, G. & L. Bullini (1990): Genetic structure of P. sicula and P. wagleriana (Reptilia: Lacertidae) from Sicily, Egadi and Aeolian Idslands. – Atti 53 Congr. UZI Palermo. 321-322.

Capula, M., Nascetti, G., Lanza, B. & L. Bullini (1987): Podarcis sicula and P. wagleriana in the Aeolian archipelago (Sicily): preliminary data (Reptilia: Lacertidae). – Boll.Mus. reg. Sci. nat., Torino, 6 (1) : 35-43.

Cardone, A.

Carretero, Miguel A.

Carretero, M.A. (1988): Reproducción de Psammodromus hispanicus en un arenal costero catalán. – Comunicación III Congreso Asoc. Herpetol. Española. Caldas de Reis (Resumen).

Carretero, M.A. (1989): Trophic resource partitioning among three lacertid lizards in a Mediterranean beach. – Commnication presented to the First World Congress of Herpetology. Canterbury (United Kingdom). 23 S.

Carretero, M.A. (1991): Thermal ecology of three lacertid lizards in a mediterranean beach. – Communication presented to the 6th O.G.M. Societas Europaea Herpetologica. Budapest.

Carretero, M.A. (1992): Estima de la abundancia de Psammodromus hispanicus en un arenal costero de Cataluña. – Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp., 3: 12-13. (29-25)

Carretero, M.A. (1992): Reintroduction of Psammodromus hispanicus in a coastal sand area of NE Spain. – In: Korsós, Z. & I. Kiss (eds.): Proc 6th Ord.Gen. Meet. S.E.H., Budapest 1991: 107-113. (50-20)

Carretero, M.A. (1993): Ecologia de los lacértidos en arenales costeros del noreste ibérico. – Thesis doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona. 495 S.

Carretero, M.A. (1997): Digestive size and diet in Lacertidae: a preliminary analysis. – In: Böhme, W., W. Bischoff & T. Ziegler (eds.): Herpetologia Bonnensis, 1997: 43-49. (61-23)

Acanthodactylus erythrurus, Psammodromus algirus, Psammodromus hispanicus, Podarcis hispanica, Podarcis pityusensis.

CARRETERO, M.A. (2002): Sources of colour pattern variation in mediterranean Psammodromus algirus. – Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 51 (1): 43-60.
Abstract:
Colour pattern and its relation to sex, size and season were investigated in three coastal populations of Psammodromus algirus from NE Spain. Eight pattern variables, as well as body size and reproductive parameters, were recorded for 430 specimens. Results show that yellow head pattern was present in both males and females and depended on body size and locality. Furthermore, its seasonal variation was associated with reproductive activity in males. Orange infralabials appear almost exclusively in adult males. Blue ocelli constitute a potential size signal in intraspecific interactions, especially in males. The attainment of sexual maturity modified tail colour (antipredatory) and dorsolateral stripes (cryptic). Bright spots on hindlimbs varied between sites. Colour pattern is interpreted as a tgrad-off between different selective pressures including crypsis and intraspecific interactions. Most pattern variation is due to body size differences and only secondarily to sexual dimorphism. A hypothesis invoking differences in social system is proposed to explain the striking differences between these populations and those from Central Spain.

CARRETERO, M.A. (2004): From set menu to à la carte. Linking issues in trophic ecology of Mediterranean lacertids. – Italian Journal of Zoology, 74 (Suppl. 2): 121-133.

CARRETERO, M.A. (2006): Reproductive cycles in Mediterranean lacertids: plasticity and constraints. – In: Corti, C., Lo Cascio, P. & M. Biaggini (eds.): Mainland and insular lacertid lizards: a mediterranean perspective. 33-54.
Abstract:
Reproductive timing is one of the most critical issues for lacertids inhabiting temperate regions where favourable conditions are restricted seasonally. Cycles of gonads and associated lipid reserves represents the manifestation of the discontinuous reproductive mode. Although lacertids seem tom use both temperature and photoperiod to adjust their reproductive clocks to the environmental conditions, these cues seem to act at different stages of the cycle. Within species, interindividual, interpopulational and interannual variation have been documented. Thermal seasonality, changing between sites and years, determines not only the length of the reproductive season but also the intensity of variation for several reproductive parameters. Except in those species/populations with extremely short reproductive activity, lacertids are rather asynchronus, large adults starting reproduction later than small ones. In contrast, the end of the breeding period is less variable and probably associated with photoperiod.
Prior to all these factors, lipid storage of excess energy is necessary condition for beginning reproduction. Lipids peak in late summer or early autumn, are not depleted in winter and are consumed during the reproductive season. Males spend reserves earlier than females in the activities related with breeding and recover them soon after since mixed-type spermatogenesis distributes energy costs along a prolonged period. Only spermiogenesis is highly variable in time depending on the species/population although previous classifications based on it are simplistic. Females mainly behave as capital breeders investing lipids in developing a first (or unique) clutch but may act as income breeders for the subsequent clutches if any. The degree of iteroparity depends on the same factors but just within the species limits. Some of the patterns observed are, nevertheless, uncorrelated with abiotic environment and may reflect other pressures. Theoretically any influence able to provoke food storage would delay reproduction independently of climate conditions. In some cases, traits could be historical deriving from pressures acting in the past. Long egg retention and viviparity are strong constraints since they prolong single reproductive events preventing its repetition even when environmental conditions would allow it. Moreover, thermophile species evolved under mild conditions are unable to start reproduction when and where other more cold-adapted species do. On the other hand, insular lacertids enlarge the reproductive period in comparison with their continental equivalents living under similar climate regimes but with different demographic pressures. Finally a biogeographic scenario for the evolution of reproductive cycles in the whole family is proposed.

Carretero, M.A., Arribas, O., Llorente, G.A., Montori, A., Fontanet, X., Llorente, C., Santos, X. & J. Rivera (1991): Una poblacion de Podarcis pityusensis en Barcelona. – Boletin de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 2: 18-19. (37-20)

Carretero, M.A., Bosch, M. & V. Pedrocchi (1993): Nuevos datos herpetologicos de la Meda Gran (Oslas Medes, Girona). – Bol. Esp. Herpetol. Esp., 4: 9-11. (54-22)

Podarcis hispanica, Psammodromus algirus, Psammodromus hispanicus.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1991): Alimentación de Psammodromus hispanicus en un arenal costero del noreste ibérico. – Rev. Esp. Herp., 6: 31-44. (38-23)

The diet composition of Psammodromus hispanicus was studied in a coastal sand area of NE Spain. 215 stomach contents were analyzed.
The diet can be considered as euryphagous. The main prey groups were Araneae, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Formicidae. The prey size distribution tends to an oportunistic pattern. The 3-4 mm class is the most frequently consumed one. Interspecific variations are small. However, female stomachs show a higher diversity and contain more preys than the other groups. Moreover, juveniles ate smaller preys than the adults.
A comparison of diet composition among different populations of Ps. hispanicus reveals that trophic diversity tends to be highest in those areas where it is the only lacertid lizard present.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1991): Reproducción e Psammodromus hispanicus en un arenal costero del nordeste Ibérico. – Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden, 12: 395-408. (39-05)

The reproduction of a population of Psammodromus hispanicus was studied on a coastal sand area of NE Spain and compared with other populations. Sexual maturity is reached in the first spring, and there are no subadults. Reproductive activity occurs in March to July. The beginning of reproduction depends on the spring temperature increase but the end is produced by an endogenous rhythm. Eggs size, clutch size and length of the hatchlings are very close to those of other populations. The major difference is that a second clutch can be laid by the largest females. This is the first such record in the species.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1993): Ecología Térmica y actividad en una población costera de Psammodromus hispanicus. – Rev. Esp. Herp., 7: 21-32. (49-25)

The thermal relations and activity patterns were analyzed in a population of Spanish Psammodromus (Psammodromus hispanicus) from a sandy coastal area in NE Spain. Uniform sampling was carried out and 185 cloacal temperatures and 267 observations were recorded. Results define this species as a heliotherm thermoregulator with moderate high body temperatures (mean 30.71°C). Intraspecific and seasonal differences were registered. The activity period lasts all year. The daily activity period lasts from 3 hours in winter to 12 hours in summer. Population activity exhibits a bimodal pattern during summer and an unimodal pattern during the rest of the year. Thermoregulatory behaviour is mainly observed at low air temperatures. Not only the thermal requirements but also a cost-benefit model could explain the activity pattern of this species.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1993): Feeding of two sympatric lacertids in a sandy coast area (Ebro Delta, Spain). In: Valakos, E.D., W. Böhme, V. Pérez-Mellado & P. Maragou (eds.): Lacertids of the Mediterranean region. 155-172. (03-11)

The trophic dimension of the niche was analysed for two mediterranean Lacertidae, the Large Psammodromus (Psammodromus algirus) and the Fringe-toed Lizard (Acanthodactylus erythrurus), which live together in a sandy coastal area of NE Spain. 133 Ps. algirus and 87 A. erythrurus were captured during 1986 and 1987, in monthly campaigns, and their stomach contents were analyzed. Data are traited considering the whole population, the size and sex classes and the season of the year. Abundance (%N), occurrence (%P) and homogeneity are calculated for taxonomical and prey size categories. Moreover, individual, population and total accumulated diversities were obtained. Results show some surprising aspects. Diptera and Coleoptera are the main taxa consumed by Ps. algirus and A. erythrurus, respectively. Prey size depends on lizard size within each species but A. erythrurus east larger (!) preys. Both species show high diversities and seasonal variation in the diet. However, the fringe-toed lizard is the more euryphagous individually. Sexual differences are irrelevant in all cases. The divergence of the trophic patterns of both lacertids, compared with other populations studies, may be explained in terms of prey availability (especially the dominance of Diptera), community composition anfd historical trends.

Carretero, M.A. & G.A. Llorente (1993): Morfometria en una comunidad de lacértidos mediterráneos, y su relación con la ecologia. – Historia Animalium, 2: 77-79.

CARRETERO, M.A. & G.A. LLORENTE (1993): Morfometria de Psammodromus algirus i. Acanthodactylus erythrurus al Delta de l’Ebre. – Butll. Parc Natural delta de l’Ebre, 8: 19-26.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1995): Reproduction of Acanthodactylus erythrurus in its northern boundary. – Russian Journal of Herpetology, 2 (1): 10-17. (03-12)

Variation in the reproductive cycle of two populations of Acanthodactylus erythrurus living in coastal sandy areas of the NE extreme of its range was analyzed. This species exhibits strong influence of historical factors in its reproductive traits: vernal spermatogenic cycle, short incubation, K-selection, and high egg size variation. The populations studied are more similar to others from the Mediterranean coast than to those from Central Spain. In comparison with the latter, reproductive season is longer, adult sizes are smaller and sexual dimorphism is reduced. A second clutch can be laid when the reproductive season is long enough. Nevertheless, phenology in this species is less variable than in other Mediterranean Lacertidae. Since no evidence of suboptimal conditions was found in any population, it is concluded that factors other than reproductive ones may have restricted the range of this species in NE Spain.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1995): Thermal and temporal patterns of two Mediterranean Lacertidae. – In: Llorente, G.A., A. Montori, X. Santos & M.A. Carretero (eds.): Scientia Herpetologica. Barcelona. 213-223. (60-14)

The termal and the temporal dimensions of the niche were analyzed for two lacertid lizards, the Large Psammodromus (Psammodromus algirus) and the Fringe-toed Lizards (Acanthodactylus erythrurus), in a dune ecosystem in NE Spain. Uniform sampling was carried out in order to obtain comparative results. 134/79 cloacal temperatures and 202/116 observations were recorded for each species, respectively. Both species proved to be heliotherms with similar degree of thermoregulation. However, A. erythrurus showed higher body temperatures than P. algirus because of its use of higher environmental temperatures. Annual differences were also recorded but only the second species showed intraspecific variation. In relation to these results, the annual activity was different between species and size classes. Only the immature specimens of P. algirus were active all year and the rest of animals showed a winter diapause period. The daily activity of P. algirus lasted from 3-4 hours in winter to 12 hours in summer. In contrast, the daily range of A. erythrurus was 2-3 hours shorter. In summer, the pattern of population activity was bimodal in A. erythrurus but not in P. algirus. During the rest of the year the daily activity was unimodal in all cases. Thermoregulatory behaviour was mainly observed at low air temperatures and this was very rare in A. erythrurus. The thermal environment, the physiological constraints but also the non-thermal selective pressures could explain the different temporal strategies of the lizards in this locality.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1997): Reproduction of Psammodromus algirus in coastal sandy areas of NE Spain. – Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden, 18 (4): 369-382. (43-28)

The variation in the reproductive cycle of three populations of the lizard Psammodromus algirus living in coastal sandy areas of NE Spain was analyzed. In contrast with those in continental climates, they showed evidence of reproductive stress: the reproductive season began sooner and was longer. Moreover, body size was smaller and sexual size dimorphism did not arise. Only the end of the breeding period was relatively constant. Nevertheless, these different reproductive traits seem to follow a common trend. In general, no important reproductive differences were found among the three coastal areas. Females laying two clutches have been detected in one locality. Clutch size was correlated with female size. The high phenological plasticity of this species is associated with its wide ecological niche.

Carretero, M.A.& G.A. Llorente (1997): Habitat preference of two sympatric lacertids in the Ebro Delta (NE Spain). – In: Böhme, W., W. Bischoff & T. Ziegler (eds.): Herpetologia Bonnensis, 1997: 51-62. (61-24)

Acanthodactylus erythrurus, Psammodromus algirus.

CARRETERO, M.A. & G.A. LLORENTE (2001): What are they really eating? Stomach versus intestine as sources of diet information in lacertids. – In: Vicente, E. & E.G. Crespo (eds.): Mediterranean Basin lacertid Lizards. A. Biological approach. – Inst. Coserv. Nat. ICN, Lisboa. 105-112.
Abstract:
In many studies on lizard diet, the content of the complete digestive tract is analysed as a whole assuming that the differences between stomach and intestine are irrelevant. The hypothesis that stomach represents the rewal diet more accurately and uniformly than intestine is tested using a coastal population of the lacertid Psammodromus hispanicus as a model. Some types of preys, especially Coleoptera, were misrepresented in the intestine. Diversity tended to be either larger of lower in the intestine than in the stomach for most individuals. Estimations of population diversity were less precise and values were lower, especially for small samples (<40). Morerover, the smallest and the largest preys were underestimated which reduced the range of prey size variation. The improverishment in small, soft preys and the undermeasurement of large preys in the intestine are due to the digestive process that decreases the possibilities of identification differentially. So, the intestine content can be considered as biased when compared with the stomach one. Results from intestine should be interpreted with caution and it is recommended that these sources of information should not be mixed. Finally, some other recommendations and predictions are added to describe the diet of the lizards.

CARRETERO, M.A., LLORENTE, G.A., MONTORI, A. & X. SANTOS (1999): Morphometry on the insular invader Podarcis pityusensis in Barcelona. – Communication to the 10th Ordinary General Meeting, Societas Europaea Herpetologica. Irakelia (Greece).

Carretero, M.A., Llorente, G.A., Santos, X. & A. Montori (1995): Anatomia un caso de polidactilia en Lacértidos. – Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp., 6: 11-13 (65-16).

Carretero, M.A., Llorente, G.A., Santos, X. & A.Montori (1995): Caracteristicas reproductoras de una población introducida de Podarcis pityusensis. – Rev. Esp. Herp., 1995: 93-102. (18-28)

The reproductive cycle of the Ibiza Wall Lizard (Podarcis pityusensis) was analyzed for the first time in an introduced population living in an urban area of Barcelona (NE Spain). Sexual maturity reached at the second year of life since subadults could be seen in spring. Reproductive period lasted from April to August, the phenology being then one of the latest among the Iberian Lacertidae. High differences between males and females were observed in the fat bodies cycle. In comparison with other mombers of the genus Podarcis clutch size is lower and egg size is higher, hence, the reproductive strategy being more K-selected. Finally, the reproductive traits of this population are discussed in relation with the environmental shifts and the historical constraints.

CARRETERO, M.A., LLORENTE, G.A., SANTOS, X. & A. MONTORI (2001): The diet of an introduced population of Podarcis pityusensis. Is herbivory fixed? – In: Vicednte, L. & E.G. Crespo (eds.): Mediterranean Basin Lacertid Lizards. A Biological Approach. 113-124.
Abstract:
The Ibiza Wall Lizard (Podarcis pityusensis), a Balearic endemism, has been observed in its original habitat to feed not only an Arthropoda but also on plants. The diet of an introduced population living in the city of Barcelona (continental Spain) was analyzed in order to test the feeding habits of this species excluding the insular effect. As in the islands, the clumped prey (Homoptera and Formicidae) represented the bulk of the diet (>50%). The trophic use of these taxa changed dratically throughout the year but not among classes (especially both sexes) which differed only in the secondary preys. The prey size depended on the lizard size and the trophic diversity was high except in winter. The plant portion was limited (5.3%) but it was completely absent in the syntopic Podarcis hispanica. Seeds, flowers and other plant matter were mainly eaten by adults in summer. Thois trophic strategy is considered to be a derived feature which has probably evolved several times under insular conditions. However, conversely to other non-balearic Podarcis, its persistence in Podarcis pityusensis after a translocation to a continental locality indicates some kind of historical constraints. Nevertheless, this species still remains highly adaptable showing that the endogenous influence is only partial.

CARRETERO, M.A., MARCOS, E. & P. DE PRADO (2006): Intraspecific variation of preferred temperatures in the NE form of Podarcis hispanica. – In: Corti, C., Lo Cascio, P. & M. Biaggini (eds.): Mainland and insular lacertid lizards: a mediterranean perspective. 55-64.
Abstract:
Podarcis hispanica is, in fact, a complex of several forms and ecophysiological traits previously investigated in one of them my be no longer generalisalbe to the others. Intraspecific variation of preferred temperatures (Tp) was analysed in a population of the NE form of P. hispanica and compared with data on other forms coming from the literature. Adult lizards were collected in May, measured (SVL), weighed and exposed to a thermal gradient at nine time intervals. Tp changed with sex (males > females), size (positive correlation with body mass) and, more weakly, with time of day (early morning > mid morning and mid-day > afternoon). Two females decreased their Tp after egg-laying. Results corroborate previous studies demonstrating diel adaptability of Tp in lacertids and strong dependence on the individual’s condition. Tp should be interpreted as a compromise between different pressures including gonadal changes, embryo development and social behaviour. Furthermore, in a comparison restricted to males, the NE form attained lower Tp than other Iberian Podarcis not directly related in the phylogeny, which may indicate changes at evolutionary level.

CARRETERO, M.S. & J. MATEOS (2002): Caracteristicas reproductoras de Psammodromus algirus en un bosque termomediterráneo: una pieza más para el rompecabezas. – Abstract book. VII Congreso Luso-Español, XI Congreso Español de Herpetologia, Évora (Portugal).

CARRETERO, M.A., MONTORI, A., LLORENTE, G.A. & X. SANTOS (2002): Psammodromus algirus. – In: Pleguezuelos, J.M., Márquez, R., Lizana, M. (eds.): Atlas y Libro Rojo de los Anfibios y Reptiles de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Asociación Herpetológica Española, Madrid. 259-261.

CARRETERO, M.A., PERERA, A., LO CASCIO, P., CORTI, C. & D.J. HARRIS (2009): Unexpected phylogeographic affinities of Psammodromus algirus from Conigli islet (Lampedusa). – Acta Herpetologica, 4 (1): 1-6.
Abstract:
The only Italian population of the lacertid Psammodromus algirus is found in Conigli islet whereas the species is absent from the nearby island of Lampedusa.The phylogeographic relationships of this populations were investigated. Mitochondrial DNA (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) fragment sequences were analysed and compared with already published sequences from the whole species range. In all the analyses, the sample from Conigli grouped with those from Morocco and not with the closer Tunisian ones. Such surprising result poses serious doubts to the traditional interpretation of the enigmatic distribution pattern of this species in Italy suggesting a recent colonisation of the islet from NW Africa, probably human-mediated, rather than a land crossing from Tunisia during the Pleistocene.

CARRETERO, M.A., RIBEIRO, R., BARBOSA, D., SÁ-SOUSA, P. & D.J. HARRIS (2006): Spermatogenesis in two Iberian Podarcis lizards: Relationships with male traits. – Animal Biology, 56 (1): 1-12.

CARRETERO, M.A., ROIG, J.M. & G.A. LLORENTE (1996: Ciclo reproductor femenino en una población pirenaica de Lacerta vivipara. – Abstract book. Herpetologia. IV Congresso Luso-Espanhol, VIII Congresso Espanhol. Oporto (Portugal). 11-12.

Carretero, M.A., Roig, J.M. & G.A. Llorente (1998): A morphometric analysis of an oviparous population of Zootoca vivipara. – In: Janev, B.I., Grbac, B.I., Lupret-Obradovic, S. & B. Lazar (eds.): Abstracts of the Third International Symposium on the Lacertids of the Mediterranean Basin. Cres. S. 5.

CARRETERO, M.A., ROIG, J.M. & G.A. LLORENTE (2005): Variation in preferred body temperature in an oviparous population of Lacerta (Zootoca) vivipara. – Herpetological Journal, 15 (1): 51-55.

Carretero, M.A., Sa-Sousa, P., Barbosa, D., Harris, D.J. & E. Balletto (2002): Sintopia estricta entre Podarcis bocagei y P. carbonelli. – Boletin Asociación Herpetológica Española, 13: 20-24.

Casimir, Michael J.

Casimir, M.J. (1970): Zur Herpetofauna des Iran und Afghanistans. – Die Aquar. Terrar. Z., Stuttgart, 23 (5): 150-154. (12-13)

Casimir, M.J. (1971): Zur Herpetofauna der Provinz Badghis (NW-Afghanistan). – Die Aquar. Terrar. Z., Stuttgart, 24 (7): 244-246. (17-28)

Eremias velox persica.

Castilla, A.M.

CASTILLA, A.M., FERNANDEZ-PEDROSA, V., HARRIS, D.J., GONZÁLEZ, A., LATORRE, A. & A. MOYA (1998): Mitochondrial DNA divergence suggests Podarcis hispanica atrata from the Columbretes Islands merits specific distinction. – Copeia, 1998: 1037-1040.

CASTILLA, A.M., FERNANDEZ-PEDROSA, V., BACKELJAU, T., GONZÁLEZ, A., LATORRE, A. & A. MOYA (1998): Mitochondrial DNA variability and conservation of an endangered lizard from the Columbretes islands. – Mol. Ecol., 7: 1047-1051.

Castroviejo, J.

CASTROVIEJO, J. & J.A. MATEO (1998): Una nueva subespecie de Lacerta lepida DAUDIN, 1802 (Sauria, Lacertidae) para la Isla de Salvora (Espana). –Publ. Asoc. Amigos de Donana, 12: 1-21.

Catsadorakis, G.

Catsadorakis, G. (1984): Aspects of ecology and behaviour in the lizard Podarcis erhardii. – Biol. Gallo-Hellenica, 11 (1): 99-110.

Castanet, Jacques

CASTANET, J. (1989): Lacerta agilis. – In: Atlas de repartition des Amphibiens et Reptiles de France. Paris (Societé Herpétologique de France). 126-127.

Castanet, J. & M. Báez (1988): Data on age and longevity in Gallotia galloti (Sauria, Lacertidae) assessed by sceletochronology. – Herpetological Journal, London, 1: 218-222. (22-28)

Femurs of 73 Gallotia galloti caught in different localities and belonging to two subspecies living in Tenerife (Canary Islands) were analysed by skeletochronology. The bones possessed annual rings like in many other lizards. For a high percentage of individuals, a remnant of the embryonic bone and a birth line of arrested growth remained present throughout life because cortical resorption never completely removed the first annual rings. Thus the age of an individual can be directly calculated from the number of lines of arrested growth. In the sample studies here, the oldest lizards were at least 8 or 9 years old. They reached sexual maturity during their second or third year of life.

Castanet, J. & M. Báez (1991): Identificación de dos especies de lagartos de un yacimiento sub-fósil de la Isla de Hierro (Islas Canarias) con histologia ósea. – Revista Española de Herpetologia, Madrid, 1991 : 43-49. (21-29)

A sub-fossil deposit located in Hierro Island (“Playa de la Arena”) at the beginning of the Middle Ages, displays among other animals, bones of lizards. According to bone histological criteria, it can be determined that two species of lizards are present in this deposit. Bones of various sizes come from a large sized species, probably Gallotia simonyi. The oldest specimen observed in our sample was at least 14 years old. Other bones come from lizards of little size, probably G. g. caesaris. The oldest specimen collected was 6 or 7 years old.

Castanet, J. & M. Báez (1991): Adaptation and evolution in Gallotia lizards from the Canary Islands: age, growth, maturity and longevity. – Amphibia-Reptoilia, Leiden, 12 (1): 81-102. (22-05)

Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of histological data recorded from growing bone from seven extant and extinct taxa of Gallotia show that these lizards do not have the same longevity, reach sexual maturity at various ages and probably have different growth rates which are in reverse proportion to the specific size of individuals in each taxon. In term of relative growth, the highest rate is seen in the smallest taxon (G. atlantica) and the lowest in the largest taxon (G. goliath). It appears that differences between the maximum size reached, irrespective of the size of hatchlings, are only the consequency of changes in longevity allowing a more or less protracted growth; they are not due to differences in growth rates. On the basis of these data we discuss some points relating to adaptive strategies and evolutionary features of these lizards.

Gallotia galloti galloti, Gallotia galloti palmae, Gallotia galloti gomerae, Gallotia galloti caesaris, Gallotia atlantica, Gallotia stehlini, Gallotia goliath.

Castanet, J. & R. Guyetant (1989): Atlas de Repartition des Amphibiens et Reptiles de France. – Paris (Soc. Herpetol. France). 186 S.

CASTANET, J. & E. ROCHE (1981): Détérmination de l’âge chez le lézard de murailles Lacerta muralis (Laurenti, 1768) au moyen de la squelettochronologie. – Rev. Suisse Zool., 88 (1): 215-226.

Castanet, J., Vernet, R. & M. Báez (1997): Reliability of skeletochronology in lizards: Experimental data for three Gallotia species. – In: Rocek, Z. & S. Hart (eds.): Abstracts of the Third Herpetological Congress of Herpetology, Prague: Third World Congress of Herpetology. (64-17)

Gallotia galloti, Gallotia atlantica, Gallotia stehlini.

Castilla, Aurora M.

Castilla, A.M. (1989): Autoecologia del lagarto ocelado (Lacerta lepida). – Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 257 S.

Castilla, A.M. (1995): Conspecific eggs and juveniles in the diet of the insular lizard, Podarcis hispanica atrata. – Bol. Hist. Nat. Balears, 38: 121-129.

Castilla, A.M. (1996): Temperature selection for egg incubation by the lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata. – Herpetological Journal, 6 (4): 133-136. (23-06)

This paper reports on the selection of substrate temperatures at oviposition sites by female lizards Podarcis hispanica atrata under laboratory conditions. Seven females deposited 11 clutches (a total of 34 eggs) in very small areas, representing 20 % of the available surface. The mean temperature of the sites used for egg laying was 25.7°C. Results are compared with incubation temperatures of the same species under natural conditions (Columbretes islands, Mediterranean, Spain).

Castilla, A.M. (1999): Podarcis lilfordi from the Balearic islands as a potential disperser of the rare Mediterranean plant Withania frutescens. – Acta Oecologica, Paris, 20 (2): 103-107. (13-13)

This study examines whether the lizard Podarcis lilfordi is a legitimate disperser of the rare Maditerranean plant Withania frutescens by using the biochemical test of triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride for testing seed viability. This lizards eats the fresh fruits of the plants and defecates intact seeds which have been retained 1 to 3 d in their gut. Viability of seeds recovered from faeces was very high and comparable to the viability of fresh seeds. Seed dispersal by this lizard in the Balearic islands may facilitate population expansion of this rare plant in the Balearics.

CASTILLA, A.M. (2000): Among-islet variation in color, morphological and scalation characters in Podarcis atrata from the Columbretes Archipelago, Mediterranean Sea. – J. Herpetol, 34 (1): 142-146.

Castilla, A.M., Barbadillo, L.J. & D. Bauwens (1992): Annual variation in reproductive trait in the lizard Acanthodactylus erythrurus. – Ca. J. Zool., 70: 395-402.

Castilla, A.M. & D. Bauwens (1989): Reproductive characteristics of the lacertid lizard Lacerta lepida. – Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden, 10: 445-452. (53-07)

We report on the reproductive characteristics of the lizard Lacerta lepida from two separate geographic regions in Spain. Lizards from central Spain (L. lepida lepida) mature at an age of 32-33 months, upon attaining a minimum size of 122-1488 mm snout-vent-length. One clutch averaging 16.9 eggs is produced annually. We found an inverse correlation between egg and clutch size. Lizards from south-eastern Spain (L. lepida nevadensis) have smaller clutches (mean = 12.3 eggs), composed of relatively large eggs, and some individuals produce more than one clutch per year.

Castilla, A.M. & D. Bauwens (1990): Rreproductive and fat body cycles in the lizard, Lacerta lepida, in central Spain. – Journal of Herpetology, 23 (3): 261-266.

Castilla, A.M. & D. Bauwens (1991): Observations on the natural history, present status, and conservation of the insular lizard Podarcis hispanicus atrata of the Columbretes Archipelago, Spain. – Biological Conservation, 58: 69-84.

Castilla, A.M. & D. Bauwens (1991): Thermal biology, microhabitat selection, and conservation of the insular lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata. – Oecologia, Berlin, 85: 366-374.

Castilla, A.M. & D. Bauwens (1992): Habitat selection by the lizard Lacerta lepida in a mediterranean oak forest. – Herpetological Journal, 2: 27-30. (53-09)

We studies habitat selection by Lacerta lepida in an open, degraded Mediterranean Quercus ilex-forest using two different methods. First, the frequency observations in distinct habitat types was compared with habitat availability. Although lizards were seen in a wide range of habitsts, a preference for sites with a complex vertical vegetation structure was evident. We also quantified structural features of the habitat at sighting spots of adult lizards. Both univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that lizards preferred sites with a relatively high coverage of high (> 2 m) vegetation, but with some low (< 50 cm) vegetation, and where some rocks were present.

CASTILLA, A.M. & D. BAUWENS (2000): Reproductive characteristics of the lacertid lizard Podarcis atrata. – Copeia, 2000: 748-756.

CASTILLA, A.M. & D. BAUWENS (2000): Reproductive characteristics of the Island lacertid lizard Podarcis lilfordi. – Journal of Herpetology, 34: 390-396.

Castilla, A.M., Bauwens, D. & G.A. Llorente (1991): Diet composition of the lizard Lacerta lepida in Central Spain. – Journal of Herpetology, 25 (1): 30-36. (53-08)

We studies diet composition of Lacerta lepida in a sample of 325 specimens from central Spain. This large lizard feeds predominantly on Coleoptera, but also consumes other arthropods, snails, small vertebrates, and some plant material. Composition of the animal fraction of the diet and trophic diversity were virtually identical in adult males and females. Juveniles fed upon a restricted number of prey types which were small in size, whereas adults consumed a large number of prey taxa, covering a wider range of prey sizes. Trophic segregation among individual lizards was highest in the smaller size classes. The incidence of plant material increased with lizard size and was highest in males, but it never represented a substantial fraction of the total diet. The contribution of small vertebrates to total prey numbers also increased with lizard body size. Our results indicate that vertebrates are of marginal numerical importance to the diet of L. lepida.

Castilla, A.M., Bauwens, D., Van Damme, R. & R.F. Verheyen (1989): Notes on the biology of the high altitude lizard Lacerta bedriagae. – Herpetological Journal, 1: 400-403. (14-28)

We report preliminary data on the natural history and biometry gathered during a short-term study in a Corsian population of the lizard Lacerta bedriagae. Lizards were encountered at heights of 1650-1950 m. Main characteristics of its habitat are the presence of large rocks, boulders and rock pavements. Three size (age) classes were distinguished. Adilt males average larger in body size and have larger heads and limbs than females. Females mature at a body size of 66-68 mm. Earth-worms, arthropods and plant leafs were recorded as food items.

Castilla, A.M. & J. Castanet (1986): Growth, age and longevity of Lacerta lepida assessed by skeletochronology. – In: Rocek, Z. (ed.): Studies in Herpetology. Prague 1986: 331-336. (53-10)

Lacerta lepida (Daudin 1802) is a typical Mediterranean lizard common in Spain. With the genus Gallotia in the Canary Islands and L. pater (Bischoff, 1982) in North Africa, it is one of the largest lacertids. Many aspects of its biology and ecology are still unknown, although data have been collected in natural conditions (Seva, 1982) and in captivity (Peters, 1962).
Histological marks expressing periodic bone growth (sceletochronology) have contributed to interesting eco-demographic results in many lacertid populations (Castanet, 1982). For instance, an earlier study (Castanet and Baez, 1983) provided new data on individual age, sexual maturity and ecological longevity of Gallotia galloti. Preliminary studies suggest that this histological method would be also valid in L. lepida (Castanet, 1982, Cheylan, pers. comm.).
Hence, in this paper, we have used skeletochronology to study L. lepida, within the context of more extensive researches on the exology of some Spanish populations of this species.

CASTILLA, A.M. & P. DUNLAP (2001): Rate of infanticide by adults in a natural population of the insular lizard, Podarcis hispanica atrata. – In: Vicente, L. & E.G. Crespo (eds.): Mediterranean Basin Lacertid Lizards. A Biological Approach. ICN, Lisboa. p. 132.

Castilla, A.M., Fernandez-Pedrosa, V., Backeljau, T., Gonzales, A., Latorre, A. & A Moya (1999): Conservation genetics of insular Podarcis lizards using partial cytochrome b sequences. – Molecular Ecology, 7: 1407-1411. (64-18)

Sequence data derived from a 306 bp fragment of mitochrondrial cytochrome b and molecular variance estimates were used to investigate the genetic population struicture of the endangered and endemic lizard Podarcis atrata of the Columbretes archipelago (Mediterranean, Spain). Our results show a very high and significant among-population genetic differentiation. FST values and phylogenetic analysess confirm the evolutionary distinctiveness of P. atrata populationen, suggesting that the populations of these islands deserve special protection measures. The populations of the two islands Columbrete Grande and Mancolibre are less differentiated than those of Foradad and Lobo, and seem to havre retained mainland haplotypes. This situation needs further attention as the origin of the mainland haplotypes is still unclear. If they are a result of recent introductions from mainland specimens, then they may represent a threat to the endemic lizards of the Columbretes islands.

Castilla, A.M., Fernandez-Pedrosa, V., Harris, D.J., Gonzales, A., Latorre, A. & A Moya (1999): Mitochondrial DNA variability and conservation of an endangered lizard from the Columbretes islands. – Copeia, 1999 (4): 1037-1040.

Castilla, A.M., Gosá, A., Galán, P. & V. Pérez-Mellado (1999): Green tails in lizards of the genus Podarcis: Do they influence the intensity of predation? – Herpetologica, 55 (4): 530-537

CASTILLA, A.M. & A. LABRA (1998): Predation and spatial distribution of the lizards Podarcis hispanica atrata: an experimental approach. – Acta Oecol., 19: 107-114

Castilla, A.M. & J.A. Mateo (1987): Comparative study of the reproduction of Lacerta lepida (Reptilia: Lacertidae) in different regions of Spain. – In: Gelder, J.J. van, H. Strijbosch & P.J.M. Bergers (eds.): Proc. 4th Ord. Gen.Meet. S.E.H., Nijmegen 1987: 91-94. (53-11)

Castilla, A.M. & J.G. Swallow (1996): Thermal dependence of incubation duration under a cycluing temperature regime in the lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata. – Journal of Herpetology, 30: 247-253.

Castilla, A.M. & R. Van Damme (1996): Cannibalistic propensities in the lizard Podarcis hispanica atrata. – Copeia, 1996: 991-994.

Castilla, A.M., Van Damme, R. & D. Bauwens (1999): Field body temperatures, mechanisms of thermoregulation and evolution of thermal characteristics in lacertid lizards. – Natura Croatica, Zagreb, 8 (3): 253-274. (67-06)

We discuss three aspects of the thermal biology of lacertid lizards. First, we provide an overview of the available data on field body temperature (Tb), the thermal sensitivity of various performances functions and selected body temperatures in different species of lacertid lizards. We also briefly summarise information on the mechanisms of thermoregulation. Second, we discuss recent developments to estimate the “precision” of thermoregulation, and the contribution of distinct behavioural mechanisms. Finally, we revise available evidence for the existence of evolutionary adjustments of thermal characteristics in lacertid lizards. Existing studies have mainly dealt with within- and among-species differences in thermoregulatory behaviour (selected temperatures) and thermal physiology of adults (optimal temperatures, heating rates). Available data provide only limited evidence for clear-cut evolutionary shifts in thermal physiology characteristics along climatic gradients.

Acanthodactylus boskianus, Acanthodactylus erythrurus, Acanthodactylus longipes, Acanthodactylus pardalis, Acanthodactylus scutellatus, Algyroides nigropunctatus, Aporosaura anchietae, Eremias arguta, Eremias lineo-ocellata, Eremias lugubris, Eremias namaquensis, Eremias pleskei, Eremias spekii, Eremias strauchii, Gallotia atlantica, Gallotia caesaris, Gallotia simonyi, Gallotia stehlini, Ichnotropis squamulosa, Lacerta agilis, Lacerta andreanszkyi, Lacerta bedriagae, Lacerta dugesii, Lacerta graeca, Lacerta horvathi, Lacerta monticola, Lacerta mosorensis, Lacerta oxycephala, Lacerta schreiberi, Lacerta viridis, Lacerta vivipara, Latastia longicaudata, Meroles cuneirostris, Meroles suborbitalis, Mesalina guttulata, Mesalina olivieri, Nucras intertexta, Nucras tesselata, Ophisops elegans, Podarcis atrata, Podarcis bocagei, Podarcis erhardii, Podarcis hispanica, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis melisellensis, Podarcis milensis, Podarcis muralis, Podarcis peloponnesiaca, Podarcis pityusensis, Podarcis sicula, Podarcis taurica, Podarcis tiliguerta, Psammodromus algirus, Psammodromus hispanicus, Takydromus septentrionalis.

Castillo, Carolina

Castillo, C., Rando, J.C. & J.F. Zamora (1994): Discovery of mummified extinct giant lizards (Gallotia goliath, Lacertidae) in Tenerife, Canary Islands. – Bonner zoologische Beiträge, Bonn, 45 (2): 129-136. (30-03)

Es wird über die Entdeckung zweier mimifizierter Rieseneidechsen auf der Insel Teneriffa (Kanarische Inseln) berichtet. Die weitgehende Erhaltung des Schuppenkleides gestattet zum erstenmal eine genauere Beschreibung der ausgestorbenen Art Gallotia goliath. Diese Rieseneidechse zeichnet sich durch ihre Größe (geschätzt über 1,5 m) und eine niedrige Anzahl von Temporalschuppen aus. Merkmale der Beschuppung und der Zahnmorphologie belegen eine nähere Verwandtschaft zwischen G. goliath und G. simonyi, einer Art, deren Population auf dem Roque Chico de Salmor vor kurzem ausgestorben ist und von der noch eine Reliktpopulation auf der Insel Hierro existiert. Rieseneidechsen sind wahrscheinlich auf Teneriffa als Folge menschlicher Eingriffe in den Lebensraum und von Verfolgung sowie des Einflusses von neuen Prädatoren ausgestorben. Auch Konkurrenz zwischen juvenilen G. goliath und Adulten der kleineren Art G. galloti könnte den Populationsrückgang der Rieseneidechse beeinflußt haben.

Castro, M.J.

Castro, M.J. & R.G. Bowker (1997): The use of models in the study of chemoreception and visual stimuli of Podarcis bocagei (Sauria: Lacertidae). – In: Rocek, Z. & S. Hart (eds.): Abstracts of the Third Herpetological Congress of Herpetology, Prague: Third World Congress of Herpetology.

Castroviejo, J.

Castroviejo, J., Castroviejo, S. & A. Salvador (1970): Algunos datos sobre la distribución de la lagartija de turbera, Lacerta vivipara, en España. – Bol. R. Soc. Española Hist. Nat. (Biol.), 68: 135-145.

Castroviejo, J., Mateo, J.A. & E. Collado (1985): Sobre la sistematica de Gallotia atlantica (Peters y Doria, 1882). – Doñana, Acta Vertebrata, Sevilla (Publ. Ocas.), 1985: 1-85.

Catsadorakis, G.

Catsadorakis, G. (1986): Biotopes and vertebrates in Prespa National Park (Macedonia, Greece). – Unpubl. Report, Univ. Athens. 161 S. (in Griechisch)

Cecconi, G.

Cecconi, G. (1899): Rettili ed anfibi raccolti nell`Isola di Cipro. – Boll. Soc. rom. Stud. Zool., 8: 152-155.

Cei, J.M.

Cei, J.M., Böhme, W., Corti, C. & M. Albano-Barragan (1996): Notes on the systematic value of tongue morphology in different genera and species groups of lacertid lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae). – Bull. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torina, 14: 339-364.

Čeirāns, Andris

Čeirāns, A. (2002): On the importance of tree stand composition and age in forest habitst of Anguis fragilis, Zootoca vivipara and Natrix natrix. – Herpetozoa, Wien, 15 (1/2): 63-74. (64-26)

Im Verlaufe der Inventur der Herpetofauna von zwei Nationalparks in Lettland (Kemeri 1994-1997) und Gauja (1998-2000) wurden Materialen über die Waldlebensräume der Kriechtiere gesammelt. Die Informationen über die Zusammensetzung und das Alter der von Kriechtieren besiedelten Gehölzbestände stammen aus der Datenbank der StaatlichenForstbetriebe.
Anguis fragilis bevorzugte Baumbestände, in denen Kiefern dominieren. Die Art war in den Feuchtwäldern nicht anzutreffen. Zootoca vivipara bevorzugte Baumbestände, in denen Kiefern dominieren und vermied Laubwald. In Z. vivipara Biotopen bestand eine negative Korrelation zwischen der relativen Häufigkeit der Fichte und dem Alter der Bäume. Die Art besiedelte die Baumbestände, in denen Fichtenbäume dominierten, die weniger als 40 Jahre alt waren, vermied aber ältere Baumbestände sofern in ihnen die Fichte dominierte. Natrix natrix bevorzugte keine der Baumarten in den Waldbiotopen im Nationalpark von Kemeri. Die im Nationalpark von Gauja in Bezug auf diese Art eingeholten Daten waren für eine Analyse nicht ausreichend. Es wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen der relativen Häufigkeit von Laubbäumen und ihrem Alter an von N. natrix besiedelten Orten beobachtet. Bei allen drei Kriechtierarten wurden saisonale Unterschiede in der Biotopnutzung beobachtet. Bei A. fragilis und Z. vivipara wurden relativ schwache aber statistische signifikante Zusammenhänge bezüglich ihrer Biotoppräferenzen im Jahreslauf gefunden: In im Frühjahr, Spätsommer und zu Herbstbeginn aufgesuchten Habitaten war das vermehrte Auftreten der Kiefer typuisch, während Fichte und Laubbäume in den Sommerlebensräumen überwogen.

ČEIRÃNS, A. (2004): Reptiles in sub-boreal forests of Eastern Europe: patterns of forest type preferences and habitat use in Anguis fragilis, Zootoca vivipara and Natrix natrix. [Kriechtiere im subborealen Wald Osteuropas: Präferierte Waldtypen und Habitatnutzung bei Anguis fragilis, Zootoca vivipara und Natrix natrix]. – Herpetozoa, Wien, 17 (1/2): 65-74. (69-19)

Kurzfassung:
In zwei Nationalparks in Lettland (im Nationalpark von Kemeri 1994-1997 und im Nationalpark von Gauja 1998-2000) wurden Daten über Waldlebensräume von Reptilien gesammelt. Die Klassifikation der Waldlebensräume erfolgte auf Grundlage der Typologie lettischer Wälder, die auf Standorteigenschaften basiert. Berechnet wurden für jeden Waldtyp die Abweichungen von den erwarteten Werten der Reptiliennachweise sowie die Nischenbreite und –überlappung der Reptilienlebensräume. Drei Kriechtierarten – Anguis fragilis LINNAEUS, 1758, Zootoca vivipara (JACQUIN, 1787) und Natrix natrix (LINNAEUS, 1758) – kamen in den Waldlebensräumen regelmäßig vor. Anguis fragilis wurde ausschließlich in trockenen und entwässerten Wäldern beobachtet, Z. vivipara und Natrix natrix besiedelten die unterschiedlichsten Waldtypen. Für die genannten Arten werden die Präferenzen gegenüber bestimmten Waldtypen und das Ausmaß der Überlappung ihrer Lebensräume diskutiert.

ČEIRĀNS, A. (2007): Distribution and habitats of the Sand Lizard (Lacerta agilis) in Latvia. – Acta Universitatis Latvieneis, 723: 53-59.
Abstract:
The aim of the paper was to summarize the data on distribution and habitats of Lacerta agilis in Latvia. Data on distribution of Lacerta agilis was collected by the author and other observers in 1990-2006. Records were made more frequently in the Coastal Lowaldn, in stretches of valleys of large rivers, and in South-Eastern Latvia. Habitats were decribed in the field on circular plots with a radius of 1,5 m for herbs, 5 m for shrubs, and 10 m for trees using a modified Braun-Blanquet method; a total of 32 plots were established. Principal Component Analysis was used to detect natural groups of habitats. Vegetation composition in all plots was similar, in about 75 % dominated by grasses, and in 25 % by Calluna vulgaris. Detailed vegetation description is given.

Cejudo, Daniel

Cejudo, D., Bowker, R.G. & R. Márquez (1999): Competencia por interferencia entre Gallotia simonyi y Gallotia caesaris (Sauria, Lacertidae) en la isla El Hierro (Islas Canarias). – In: López-Jurado, L.F. & J.A. Mateo Miras (eds.): El lagarto gigante de El Hierro: Bases para su conservación. Asociación Herpetológica Española. Monografias de Herpetologica, 4: 139-147. (66-19)

One of the numerous factors suggested for the decline of the giant lizard of El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi) is the competition with the smaller congener, G. caesaris, ubiquitous throughout El Hierro. Experiments were conducted to determine the potential for interference competition amongst G. caesaris and adults and juveniles of G. simonyi. Movement patterns and activity levels of individuals were quantified. No interspecific aggressive interactions were observed, however, distance moved and activity of G. simonyi changed as a result of the addition of conspecifics and of individuals of the smaller,more active, species. These results suggest that the presence of G. caesaris has the potential to influence behavior and energetics of G. simonyi. Interestingly, a similar species association exists on the nearby island of Gran Canaria, in which a large and numerous lizard G. stehlini is geographically sympatric with a smaller species, G. atlantica. Interspecific aggressive interactions (including predation!) were observed in G. stehlini towards G. atlantica, and distance moved and activity of G. stehlini did not change in presence of G. atlantica.

Cejudo, D. & R. Márquez (2001): Sprint performance in the lizards Gallotia simonyi and Gallotia stehlini (Lacertidae): Implications for species management. – Herpetologica, 57: 87-98.

Cejudo, D., Márquez, R., Garcia,M.M. & R.G.Bowker (1997): Catálogo comportamental de Gallotia simonyi, el lagarto gigante de El Hierro (Islas Canarias). – Rev. Esp. Herp., 11: 7-17. (30-16)

The giant lizard of El Hierro, Gallotia simonyi, is perilously close to extinction. Here we describe 51 categories of behavior for this endangered species grouped in five classes; maintenance, locomotory, feeding, social and reproductive. Reproductive behaviour showed peculiar patterns involved on plant material consumption. However, even under favorable conditions, Gallotia simonyi exhibited low levels of lovomotor activity and decreased levels of aggressiveness compared to other Gallotia species in the Canary archipelago. Agonistic behaviour was only observed in juvenile individuals. These observations are consistent with the mild temperament of Gallotia simonyi, which may be related to the prolongued captivity of the adults.

Cejudo, D., Márquez, R., Orrit, N., Garcia-Márquez,M., Romero-Bevia, M., Caetano, A., Mateo, J.A., Pérez-Mellado, V. & L.F. López-Jurado (1999): Vulnerabilidad de Gallotia simonyi (Sauria, Lacertidae) ante predadores aéros: influencia del tamaño corporal. – In: López-Jurado, L.F. & J.A. Mateo Miras (eds.): El lagarto gigante de El Hierro: Bases para su conservación. Asociación Herpetológica Española. Monografias de Herpetologica, 4: 149-156. (66-20)

Avian predation is likely to be a relevant pressure on the populations of lizards of El Hierro (Canary Islands), particularly if we consider that kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) is extremely abundant on the island. We investigate the potential predation pressure on G. simonyi by studying the diet of F. tinnunculus estimated through the analysis of pellets, and by measuring predation pressure estimated by attacks to plasticine models. We also address the question of wheather there is a size refugium for large lizards in relation to avian predators. F. tinnunculus appears to be the only potential avian predator of G. simonyi. Lizards are a substantial portion of the diet of the kestrel although predation pressure upon models was not high. The only site where high predation pressure was detected in the plasticine models is the natural habitat of the relictual extant population of G. simonyi. In this habitat however, models of large lizards were attacked significantly less than models of small lizards. A study of the diet of F. tinnunculus from the Iberian Peninsula in a habitat with a dense population of Lacerta lepida – a lizard of similar size as G. simonyi – shows that adult lizards are not predated by kestrels either.

Cejudo, D., Márquez, R, & V. Pérez-Mellado (1999): Temperaturas preferidas de Gallotia simonyi (Sauria, Lacertidae). – In: López-Jurado, L.F. & J.A. Mateo Miras (eds.): El lagarto gigante de El Hierro: Bases para su conservación. Asociación Herpetológica Española. Monografias de Herpetologica, 4: 101-107. (66-15)

We report selected body temperatures (Tb) and thermal set-points ranges (Tset) of males, females and juveniles of Gallotia simonyi. This information may contribute to improving captive population conditions and to select reintroduction areas of this endangered species. We also report thermal requirements of sympatric G. caesaris and of two other species of this endemic genus from the Canary Islands: G. stehlini and G. atlantica. Mean body temperature of G. simonyi is 35.6°C (Tset: 32.4 – 38.3°C), similar to those other Gallotia species studies. Juveniles of G. simonyi selected higher temperatures than adults, and G. stehlini had no intraspecific differences, juveniles of G. caesaris selected lower temperatures than adults. The lizards from the Island of El Hierro appear to be more thermophylous than the other two species.

Cernov, S.

Cernov, S. (1933): Lacerta vivipara Jacq. (Reptilia) na Kawkaze. – Trav. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci., Leningrad, 2 (1): 5-10.

Cerny, M.

CERNY, M. (1991): Algyroides nigropunctatus na ostrove Krk (Algyroides nigropunctatus on krk Island). – Akvarium-Terrarium, 34 (8): 22-23.

Çevic, I.E.

CEVIK, E., BASKALE, E., KAYA, U. & F. TURGAY (2006): Taxonomic status os some Lacerta danfordi (Günther, 1876) populations. – Russian Journal of Herpetology, 13 (2): 89-92.

ÇEVIK, I.E. (1999): Trakya’da Yaşayan Kertenkele Türlerinin Taksonomik Durumu (Lacertilia: Anguidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae). [Taxonomik states of the lizards species living in Turkish Tharace (Lacertilia: Anguidae, Lacertidae, Scincidae]. – Tr. J. of Zoology,23 (1): 23-35.

ÇEVIK, I.E. & C.V. Tok (1997): A study on the samples of Lacerta praticola EVERSMANN, 1834 (Sauria, Lacertidae) in the vicinity of Derekoy (Kirklareli). – Turk. J. Zool., 21: 259-262.

Chamaillé-Jammes, S.

Chamaille-Jammes, S. (2002): Résponses de populations de lézards vivipares au réchauffement climatique. DEA d´Ecologie. – Université Paris VI, Paris XI, INAPG.

Charvát, Z.

Charvát, Z. & B. Král (1969): Development of new spinal ganglia during regeneration of spinal cord after autotomy of tail in Lacerta vivipara. – W. Afr. Med. J., 18: 3-6.

Châtelain, G.

Châtelain, G. (1985): Répartition des 5 espèces de Sauriens du Bassin genevois et étude d´une population de Lacerta viridis. – Diplomarbeit Université de Genève.

Chen Qiang

Chen Qiang & Wang Su-ya (1992): Comparative studies on the isoenzymes of esterases and lactate dehydrogenases in livers of four species of the genus Eremias. – In: Abstr. of First Asian Herpetol. Meeting, July 15-20, 1992, Huangshan, China. S. 55.

Cheng, H.-Y.

Cheng, H.-Y. (1987): The status of a lacertid lizard Takydromus stejnegeri VAN DENBURGH inTaiwan. – Journal Taiwan Mus., 40 (2): 13-17.

Cheng, H.-Y. & J.-I. Lin (1977): Comparative reproductive biology of the lizards, Japalura swinhonis formosensis, Takydromus septentrionalis and Hemidactylus frenatus in Taiwan. II. Fat body and liver cycles of the males. – Bull. Inst. Zool., Academia Sinica, 17: 67-74.

Cheng, H.-Y. & J.-I. Lin (1977): Comparative reproductive biology of the lizards, Japalura swinhornis formosensis, Takydromus septentrionalis and Hemidactylus frenatus inTaiwan. I. Male reproductive cycle. – Bull. Inst. Zool., Academia Sinica, 16 (2): 107-120.

Cheng, H.-Y. & J.Y. Lin (1987): Annual ovarian, fat body and liver cycles of the grass lizard Takydromus stejnegeri in Taiwan. – Szol. Sci. (Tokyo), 4 (3): 557-561.

Chenuil, C.

Chenuil, C. (1991): Asymétrie du nombre d´écailles ventrales chez le lézard vivipare. – DEA d´Ecologiue – Università Paris XI.

Chernov, S.A.

Chernov, S.A. (1934): Über die Unterarten und die Verbreitung von Eremias arguta (PALL.). – AN SSSR, Ser. Biol., 3 (8-9): 666-668.

Chevalier, M.

Chevalier, M. (1969): Données nouvelles sur le caryotype du lezard vivipare (Reptilia, Lacertidae). – Existe-t-il une heterogametix femelle du type Z1, Z2. W?. – C.R. Acad. Sc. D268: 2098-2100.

Chevalier, M., Dufaure, J.-P. & P. Lecher (1979): Cytogenetic study of several species of Lacerta (Lacertidae; Reptilia), with particular reference to sex chromosomes. – Genetica, The Hague, 50 (1): 11-18.

Cheylan, Marc

Cheylan, M. (1984): Croissance et détermination de l´âge chez le lézard ocellé (groupe Lacerta lepida, Sauria, Lacertidae) de France et du Maroc á partir de la squelettochronologie. – Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Marseilla, 44: 29-37.

Cheylan, M. (1988): Variabilité phénotypique de lézard des murailles Podarcis muralis sur les isles de la Côte provençale, France. – Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie), 43: 287-321.

Cheylan, M. (1999): “Plan de Recuperación del Lagarto Gigante de El Hierro (Gallotia simonyi)”: avis sur les actions réaliseées et sur la suite à donner au Promgramme Life. – In: López-Jurado, L.F. & J.A: Mateo Miras (eds): El lagarto gigante del El Hierro: Bases para su conservación. Asociación Herpetológica Española. Monografia de Herpetologica, 4: 267-270. (66-29)

Chieffi Baccari, G.

Chieffi Baccari, G., Minucci, S., Matteo, L. di & G. Chieffi (1990): Harderian gland and the lacrimal gland of the lizard Podarcis s. sicula: histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure. – Anat. Rec., 226 (3): 269-278.

Chirikova, Marina Alexandrowna

Chirikova, M.A. (1999): Morfologitscheskaja ismentschiwost rasnozwetnoi jaszczurki (Eremias arguta PALL.) is Wostotschnogo Kasachstana. – In: Problemy ochrany i ustoitschiwogo ispolsowanija biorasnoobr. Shiwodn. Mira Kasachstan. Almaty. S. 92.

Chirikova, M.A. (2000): Morfologitscheskaja ismentschiwost rasnozwetnoi jaszczurki (Eremias arguta PALL.) is Wostotschnogo Kasachstana i ee podwidowaja prinadleshnost. – In: Aktualye woprosy sowremennoi biologii i biotechnologii. Materialy 54-i Respublikanskoi nautschnoi knoferenzii molodych utschenych i studentow. Almaty. 41-43.

Chirikova, M.A. & W.G. Kolbinzev (2003): Morphologie und Unterartgliederung des Steppenrenners, Eremias arguta PALLAS, 1773, in Kasachstan. – Salamandra, Rheinbach, 39 (1): 49-60. (68-02)

Zusammenfassung:
Es wurde die externe Morphologie von Eremias arguta in Kasachstan untersucht. Analysiert wurden drei metrische und zehn meristische Merkmale sowie die Dorsalzeichnung von 206 Individuen aus 13 Populationen in Süd-, Südost- und Ost-Kasachstan. Ein Geschlechtsdimorphismus wurde bei den Merkmalen relative Schwanzlänge (♀♀ > ♂♂), Anzahl der Femoralporen (♀♀ < ♂♂) sowie Anzahl der Gularia entlang der Kehlmitte (♀♀ < ♂♂) festgestellt. Bei einigen Merkmalen (Anzahl Dorsalia, Gularia, Femoralporen, Schuppenzahl zwischen den beiden Femoralporenreihen) besteht eine klinale Variation. Die meisten der Stichproben weisen ein Zeichnungsmuster aus großen, weißen, unregelmäßigen Flecken und einer dunklen Querstreifung auf. In Ost-Kasachstan treten dagegen Individuen auf, die kleine weiße Flecken und eine dunkle unregelmäßige zusammenfließende Querstreifung besitzen. Die Tiere der südlichsten Stichproben haben dagegen längliche weiße und unregelmäßige schwarze Flecken. Die systematische Position der ost-kasachischen Populationen ist nicht deutlich und benötig weitere Untersuchungen. Südost-kasachische Populationen gehören dagegen zu E. a. potanini, süd-kasachische Populationen zu E. a. uzbekistanica.

Abstract:
The external morphology of Eremias arguta in Kazakhstan was examined. Three metric and ten meristic characters as well as the dorsal pattern of 206 individuals from 13 populations of southern, south-eastern and eastern Kazakhstan were analyzed. Sexual dimorphism was found to occur in relative tail length (♀♀ > ♂♂), number of longitudinal gular scales (♀♀ < ♂♂), and number of femoral pores (♀♀ < ♂♂). Clinal variation exists in the number of dorsals, gulars, femoral pores, and scales between femoral pores. Most of populations studied revealed a pazttern of large white spots and transverse dark strips. Some specimens from eastern Kazakhstan are characterized by small white spote and interrupted, somewhat fused dark strips. Most southern populations show elongated white spots and irregular black spots scattered along the dorsum. Subspecies status of the steppe-runners from eastern Kazakhstan is still unclear und needs future clarification. Populations from south-eastern Kazakhstan are closer to E. arguta potanini. Southernmost populations belong to E. a. uzbekistanica.

Chmela, C.

CHMELA, C. (2003): Reptilien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mauereidechse. – In: Bouillon, B., Chmela, C. & P. Tautz (Hrsg.): Stenzelberg bei Königswinter-Heisterbacherott – Untersuchungen von Vegetation, Flora, Moosen, Reptilien, Schmetterlingen, Heuschrecken. Erstellung eines Maßnahmenkonzeptes für den Bereiuch der ehemaligen Steinbrüche. – Unveröffentlichtes Gutachten im Auftrag des Staatl. Fortsamt Eitorf. 28-42.

Chondropoulos, B.

Chondropoulos, B.P. (1983): Geographic distribution: Sauria: Algyroides nigropunctatus. – Herp. Rev., 14 (1): 27.

Chondropoulos, B. (1984): Study of the western Greece lizards of the family Lacertidae. – Ph.D. Thesis, University of Patra. (inGriechisch)

Chondropoulos, B.P. (1986): A checklist of the Greek reptiles. I. The lizards. – Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden, 7 (3): 217-235.

Choundropoulos, B. & G. Chiras (1997): Podarcis erhardii livadiaca (Erhard´s wall lizard) in central Greece. – Herpetological Review, 28: 97.

CHONDROPOULOS, B., FRAGUEDAKIS, S., TSEKOURA, N., TRYFONOPOULOS, G., PAFILIS, P. & S. VALAKOS (2000): Contribution to the study of the genetic variability and taxonomic relationships among five lizard species of the family Lacertidae from Greece. – Belg. J. Zool., 130 (Supplement 1): 35-39.
Abstract:
The present study examines the genetic variability and the taxonomic relationships among five lacertid species, i.e. Podarcis taurica, P. milensis, P. peloponnesiaca, Lacerta graeca and Algyroides moreoticus, representing the three main genera of this family in Europe. The last four of the above species are endemic to greece and three of them sympatrically in Pelopommisos. These relationships were studied by allozyme analysis. Of the loci analyzed, the Mpi-1 locus was found to be a convenient molecular marker for discrimination of the genera Podarcis (allele a) and Algyroides (allele c). The values of Nei’s genetic distances between the examined species ranged from 0.025 to 0.484. According to the UPGMA-dendrogram plotted using the Nei’s genetic distances, two species groups are formed indicating that the genera Lacerta and Algyroides show a stronger relationships to one another than either does to Podarcis. These results are in agreement with DNA sequence data but are not in accordance with previous electrophoretic and immunological studies, which suggest that Lacerta is mor closely related to Podarcis than to Algyroides. The studies Podarcis taxa were found to be close relatives (Nei’s distances <0.18), especially P. taurica and P. milensis. These values are lower than those usually given in the litterature for the distinction of lacertid species.

Chondropoulos, B.P. & J.J. Lykasis (1978): A serological and immunological study of three lizards of Greece (Sauria: Lacertidae). – Biol. Ballo-Hellenica, 7 (1-2): 171-179.

Chondropoulos, B.P. & J.J. Lykasis (1983): Ecology of the Balkan Wall Lizard, Podarcis taurica ionica (Sauria: Lacertidae) from Greece. – Copeia, 1983 (4): 991-1001.

Chondropoulus, B., Maragou, P. & E.D. Valakos (1993): Food consumption of Podarcis taurica ionica (Lehrs, 1902) in the Ionian islands (Greece). – In: Valakos, E.D., Böhme, W., Pérez-Mellado, V. & P. Maragou (eds.): Lacertids of the Mediterranean region. 173-182. (26-30)

The Ionian islands lay at the west coast of Greece and include six big islands and over seven islets. The food consumption of Podarcis taurica, the most common lacertid of the Ionian, was studied in four of the biggest Ionian islands (Zykanthos, Kefalonia, Kerkyra und Ithaki). The sample was part of the collection of the Zoological Museum of the University of Patras. The animals were collected between April and June in a variety of typical biotopes.
Podarcis taurica is a diurnal and heliothermic ground dwelling lizard, living in open sunny and even grounded lowland biotopes with grass-ford-shrub vegetation.
From the 200 stomachs examined, 103 contained a total of 21 prey groups. The majority of the prey consists of arthropods; however plant and tail residues were found, as well as stones. The presence of tails in the stomachs of male animals agrees with the high persentage of regenerate tails mentioned in the populations of Podarcis taurica.
Coleoptera, Aranea, larvae and ants were the most common prey. This structure of the diet confirms the ground dwelling character of the species. There is a similaroty between the islands during the spring. From the analysis of the food data it seems that P. taurica ionica is a stenofagous lizard compared to Podarcis erhardii, the coresponding species of the Aegean archipelago. Moreover, the feeding strategy and the differences between the sexes are discussed.

Chouza Mata, Manuel

Chouza Mata, M. & R.C. González (1982): Primera cita de Psammodromus hispanicus (FITZINGER) para Galicia. – Doñana, Avcta Vertebrata, 9: 376. (11-04)

Ciarcia, G.

Ciarcia, G. (1993): Control of testicular activity in the lizard, Podarcis s. sicula Raf. – In: Facchinetti, F., Henderson, I.W., Pierantoni, R. & A. Polzonetti Magni (eds.): Cellular communication in reproduction. – Journal of Endocrinology Ltd., Bristol. 131-140.

CIARCIA, G., ANGELINI, F., PICARIELLO, O. & E. D’ALTERIO (1982): Aspetti del controllo endocrino dell’ovidutto nel lacertide Podarcis s. sicula Raf. – Boll. Zool., 49 (suppl.): 40.

CIARCIA, G. & V. BOTTE (1988): GnRH-like immunoreactive substances in some tissues of the lizard, Podarcis s. sicula Raf. during the sexual cycle. – Atti Accad. Lincei Rend. F.s., 82 (8): 561-569.

CIARCIA, G., FACCHINETTI, F., VALLARINO, M., PESTARINO, M., PAOLUCCI, M., CARDONE, A., FASANO, S., PIERANTONI, R. & A.R. GENAZZANI (1994): Opioid peptides and testicular activity in the lizard Podarcis s. sicula Raf.. – J. Endocrinol., 143: 565-571.

CIARCIA, G., PAOLUCCI, M. & V. Botte (1989): Effects of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone variants of reproductive organs and plasma testosterone in the male lizard, Podarcis s. sicula. – J. Neuroendocrinol., 1: 205-208.

Ciarcia, G., Paolucci, M., Manzo, C. & M.M. Di Fiore (1990): Rilascio in vitro ormoni sessuali dal testicola delta lucertola Podarcis s. sicula Raf. – In: Atti del VI Convegno Nazionale dell´´Associazione “Alessandro Ghigi” per la biologia dei Vertebrati. Mus. reg. Sci. Nat., Torino. 319-322.

Cirer, Antonia M.

Cirer, A.M. (1980): Descripció de dues subspècies noves de Podarcis pityusensis. – Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat., 45: 121-126.

Cirer, A.M. (1981): La lagartija ibicenca y su circula de razas. – Cons. Ins. Eivissa Formentera. 1-106. (64-04)

Lacerta pityusensis pityusensis, Lacerta pityusensis affinis, Lacerta pityusensis algae, Lacerta pityusensis calaesaladae, Lacerta pityusensis caldesiana, Lacerta pityusensis caretensis, Lacerta pityusensis canensis, Lacerta pityusensis caragolensis, Lacerta pityusensis carlkochi, Lacerta pityusensis characae, Lacerta pityusensis espalmadoris, Lacerta pityusensis formenterae, Lacerta pityusensis frailensis, Lacerta pityusensis gastabiensis, Lacerta pityusensis gorrae, Lacerta pityusensis grossae, Lacerta pityusensis grueni, Lacerta pityusensis hedwigkamerae, Lacerta pityusensis hortae, Lacerta pityusensis kameriana, Lacerta pityusensis maluquerorum, Lacerta pityusensis martinezi, Lacerta pityusensis muradae, Lacerta pityusensis puercosensis, Lacerta pityusensis purroigensis, Lacerta pityusensis ratae, Lacerta pityusensis redonae, Lacerta pityusensis sabinae, Lacerta pityusensis schreitmuelleri, Lacerta pityusensis subformenterae, Lacerta pityusensis tagomagensis, Lacerta pityusensis torretensis, Lacerta pityusensis vedrae, Lacerta pityusensis vedranellensis, Lacerta pityusensis zenonis.

Cirer, A.M. (1982): Estudio de las poblaciones de lacertidos de los islotes en torno a la isla de Ibiza. – Publ. Cent. Pir. Biol. Exp., 13: 83-88.

Cirer, A.M. (1987): Revision taxonomica de las subespecies del lacertido Podarcis pityusensis Bosca, 1883. – Thesis doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona. 1-445.

Cirer, A.M. (1987): Aplicacion de tecnicas estadisticas multivariantes a las poblaciones del lacertido Podarcis pityusensis (BOSCA, 1883). – Revista Española de Herpetologica, Madrid, 2: 145-163. (47-26)

In this paper are presented the results obtained with 45 populations of Podarcis pityusensis. Several multivariant technics are performed: discriminant analysis, cluster analysis and canonic analysis of populations. These populations present gradual change in all their biometric characteristics, and also a great intrapopulation variability, that invalidate the statistical methods to discriminate between all them.
In different analysis very related population groups are found, that suggests they can constitute the same subspecies, in the actual taxonomic sense. These groups always inhabit islands with the same geological age, it is therefore necessary to complet the study with other biological refelections, all of which are getting ready.

Cirer, A.M. (1987): New taxonomic proposition for Podarcis pityusensis Boscá, 1883. –In: Gelder, J.J. van, H. Strijbosch & P.J.M. Bergers (eds.): Proc. 4th Ord. Gen. Meet. S.E.H., Nijmegen 1987: 95-101. (19-18)

Podarcis pityusensis pityusensis, Podarcis pityusensis affinis, Podarcis pityusensis formenterae, Podarcis pityusensis kameriana, Podarcis pityusensis maluquerorum, Podarcis pityusensis vedrae.

Cirer, A.M. (1989): Algunos datos colorimetricos de Podarcis pityusensis. – Revista Española de Herpetologica, Salamanca, 3 (2): 197-208. (43-01)

The dorsal, side and belly colours of 118 specimens of Podarcis pityusensis have been analysed with physical methods. Twenty samples from 16 islands have been chosen, 3 of them from Eivissa Island, 2 from Formentera Island and 2 fromEspardell Island. The results reveal great colouration differences between the same island samples and sometimes similar coloration between different islands (different subspecies) specimens. This feature seems to show the colour criteria is not useful in taxonomic subjects for this species.

Cirer, A.M. (1997): Podarcis pityusensis (BOSCÁ, 1883). – In: Pleguezuelos, J.M. (ed.): Distribucion y biogeografia de los anfibios y reptiles en Espana y Portugal. – Asociación Herpetológia Espanola. Monografia de Herpetologia, 3: 364-366.

Cirer, A.M. & C.P. Guillaume (1986): Electrophoretic analysis of the Pityusic islands lizards. – In: Rocek,Z. (ed.): Studies in Herpetology. Prague 1986: 201-206. (18-31)

Podarcis muralis muralis, Podarcis pityusensis pityusensis, Podarcis pityusensis affinis, Podarcis pityusensis ahorcadosi, Podarcis piytyusensis algae, Podarcis pityusensis caldesiana, Podarcis pityusensis carlkochi, Podarcis pityusensis espalmadorensis, Podarcis pityusensis espardellensis, Podarcis pityusensis formenterae, Podarcis pityusensis frailensis, Podarcis pityusensis gastabiensis, Podarcis pityusensis grossae, Podarcis pityusensis grueni, Podarcis pityusensis kameriana, Podarcis pityusensis maluquerorum, Podarcis pityusensis negrae, Podarcis pityusensis puercosensis, Podarcis pityusensis torretensis, Podarcis pityusensis vedrae.

Cirer, A.M. &J.P. Martinez Rica (1986): Application of colorimetric techniques to the taxonomy of Podarcis pityusensis. – In: Rocek, Z. (ed.): Studies in Herpetology. Prague 1986: 323-326. (19-17)

Cirer, A.M. &J.P. Martinez Rica (1990): The polymorphism of Podarcis pityusensis and its adptative evolution in Mediterranean Isles. – Herpetological Journal, 1 (10): 465-473. (19-20)

The variation in morphological and colouring features shown by the insular lacertid populations of Podarcis pityusensis is discussed from the point of view of their adaptive advantages to specific insular ecosystems. Insularity factors, i.e. area and island-age, habe been found to be related to average body size, and the average luminosity of each population. Populations tend to show a size increase, a greater morphological homogeneity and darker dorsal colouring on smaller and older islands. The advantages of larger size and melamism are discussed as well as their possible causes in the insular microecosystems of the Pityusic Archipelago. Genetic drift seems to play a secondary role, whereas a positive selection in favour of melanism and gigantism is observed. Both features are not linked as cause and effect, but seem to share a common cause: isolation and time enough to allow selection to take place. Predation, though slight in degree, does exist, and seems to be one of the selective pressure favouring melanism, together with the parallel trend towards an increase in body size and the need to an effective thermoregulation during the early hours of the day.

Podarcis muralis, Podarcis hispanica, Podarcis bocagei, Podarcis melisellensis, Podarcis peloponnesiaca,Podarcis sicula, Podarcis taurica, Podarcis tiliguerta, Podarcis erhardii, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis pityusensis.

Cissé, M.

Cissé,M. & D.R. Karns (1977): Aspects of the ecology of Acanthodactylus dumerili Milne-Edwards (Sauria: Lacertidae) in Senegal. – Bull. Inst. fond. Afr. Noire, Sér. A, 39 (1): 190-218.

Civantos, E.

CIVANTOS, E. (2002): Testosterone supplementation in juvenile Psammodromus algirus lizards: consequences for aggressiveness and body growth. – Acta Ethologica, 4: 91-95.

Clark, Richard J.

Clark, R.J. (1970): A further contribution to the herpetofauna of the islands of the Argo-Saronic Gulf, Greece. – British Journal of Herpetology, 4 (7): 185-188.

Clark, R.J. (1972): New locality records for Greek reptiles. – British Journal of Herpetology, London, 4 (11): 311-312.

Clark, R.J. (1973): Report on a collection of reptiles from Cyprus. – British Journal of Herpetology, 5: 357-360.

Clark, R. (1989): A report on a herpetological trip to the N.E. Aegean. – Herptile, 14 (2): 68-82. (34-22)

Lacerta trilineata, Ophisops elegans ehrenbergii.

Clark, R. (1989): Some notes on reptiles and amphibians from the N.W. Pindos Mountains, Greece. – Herptile, 14 (3): 99-104. (33-26)

Algyroides nigropunctatus, Lacerta trilineata, Podarcis erhardii riveti, Podarcis muralis albanica.

Clark, R. (1989): Observations on winter activity of reptiles in Greece. – Herptile, 14 (3): 105-112. (18-13)

Lacerta trilineata trilineata, Podarcis erhardii mykonensis, Podarcis peloponnesiaca thais.

Clark, R. (1989): A check list of the herpetofauna of the Argo-Saronic Gulf district, Greece. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 28: 8-24. (13-28)

This survey of the herpetofauna of the Argo-Saronic Gulf is largely based on the author´s extensive experience with the region and on data assembled by him since 1962. This is further supplemented by the work of other researchers. In order to gain a broad perspective consideration is given to the contiguous mainland defined as The Inner Argolid. Some extension outside this zone has been allowed in a few instances. Under the species account island localities are fully listed and presented in a Table of Taxa. Both inland and mainland locations can be found on the accompanying maps. Some considerable irregularity occur in distribution patterns amongst the islands and there is an implication that the smaller islands of restricted area and biotope act as natural reserves to some species that otherwise are subjected to competition on larger islands. Here can be named Algyroides moreoticus, Podarcis peloponnesiaca thais and Coluber gemonensis. Access to many of the small islands was only possible by using one´s own transport or by enlisting local aid. Since some of the most interesting finds were made on such islands it follows how rash it is to base one´s knowledge of the herpetofauna of an island complex only on islands that are readily accessible. Collections made by the author are deposited in the Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-am-Main with a smaller number accessioned at the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.

Algyroides moreoticus, Lacerta graeca, Lacerta trilineata trilineata, Podarcis erhardii livadiaca, Podarcis peloponnesiaca thais.

Clark, R. (1990): A report on the reptile life of South Central France. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 31: 11-17. (17-23)

Lacerta viridis viridis, Lacerta vivipara, Podarcis muralis muralis.

Clark, R. (1990): A report on herpetological observations in Afghanistan. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 33: 20-42. (06-11)

Acanthodactylus blanfordi, Eremias acutirostris, Eremias aria, Eremias fasciata, Eremias grammica, Eremias intermedia, Eremias lineolata, Eremias nigrocellata, Eremias persica, Eremias regeli, Eremias scripta, Eremias velox velox, Mesalina watsonana, Ophisops jerdoni.

Clark, R. (1991): Contribution to the reptile fauna of Northern Iran. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 35: 35-46. (06-24)

Reptiles were observed and collected in Northern Iran in February and May 1968 on the way to and on the return journey from Afghanistan (Clark 1990). A report on this trip is long overdue and is justified owing to the scarcity of first-hand accounts in recent times on the herpetofauna of this country which is now virtually inaccessible to the ordinary traveller. For this reason I present detailed ecological observations, full descriptions of the lizards and snakes found as well as selected data on measurements and pholidosis. These latter details are either presented in the text or in tabular form in the case of the lacertid lizards. In addition I am including a fully detailed account of the itinerary, weather conditions experienced and a zoo-geographical analysis so that as clear a picture as possible will be given to the reader. Some taxonomic discussion is also allowed in some cases but in the main I refrain from making judgments in areas of uncertainy. Here can be mentioned the Eremias genus and the position of Lacerta strigata which is currently under review. 23 species are here considered: 16 lizards sand 7 snakes. In addition Testudo horsfieldi was found in the Mashad region. Rana ridibunda was seen along the Caspian Sea coast. Most species were collected within 60 kilometers from the nearest town or village. Heights were measured using an aneroid altimeter and are given in meters: viz. 1060 m. Dates are given as day and month viz: 19/2, 25/5. All descriptions of the animals were made on freshly killed material or on living specimens and are as in life. In the text T/B indicates ratio of tail to body length. In the Tables the body length of juveniles is omitted. The collection was doanted to the Senckenberg Museum inFrankfurt for permanent accession.

Lacerta brandti, Lacerta saxicola, Lacerta strigata, Eremias arguta, Eremias pleskei, Eremias persica, Eremias strauchi, Eremias velox velox, Mesalina watsonana, Ophisops elegans elegans.

Clark, R. (1991): A report on herpetological investigations on the island of Samothraki, North Aegean Sea – Greece. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 38: 3-7. (63-03)

Lacerta viridis, Podarcis erhardii, Podarcis muralis.

Clark, R. (1991): Observations on the lizard and snake fauna of the islands Kephallinia and Zakynthos, Ionian Sea, Greece. – Herpetile, 16 (2): 81-92. (62-15)

1) The herpetofauna of Kephallinia consists of elements common to both the Peloponnese and North Greece. These include: H. t. turcicus, P. taurica ionica, L. t. trilineata, A. k. kitaibelii, C. gemonensis, E. q. quatuorlineata. M. m. insignitus, N. n. persa, T. f. fallax, V. a. meridionalis. Of the other species T. mauritanica is found only in the N.W. Peloponnese and the westernmost oart of the North Greece mainland. A. nigropunctatus and C. jugularis caspius are not part of the Peloponnesian herpetofauna whereas A. moreoticus only occurs in the Peloponnese.
2) The fauna of Zakynthos has fewer species and is more directly liked to that of the Peloponnese. A. nigropunctatus and C. j. caspius are absent.
3) C. najadum dahli does not seem tp occur on either island.

Gekkonidae: Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus, Tarentola mauritanica mauritanica. Lacertidae: Algyroides moreoticus, Algyroides nigropunctatus, Podarcis taurica ionica, Lacerta trilineata trilineata. Scincidae: Ablepharus kitaibelii kitaibelii. Colubridae: Coluiber gemonensis, Coluber jugularis caspius, Elaphe quatuorlineata quatuorlineata, Malpolon monsmessulanus insignitus, Natrix natrix persa, Telescopus fallax fallax. Viperidae: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis.

Clark, R. (1991): Herpetological notes from France. – Herptile, 16 (4): 158-165. (06-18)

Anguidae: Anguis fragilis. Lacertidae: Lacerta viridis, Lacerta vivipara, Podarcis muralis. Colubridae: Coluber viridiflavus, Natrix maura, Natri, natrix. Viperidae: Vipera aspis. Bufonidae: Bufo bufo. Ranidae: Rana esculenta, Rana lessonae. Salamandridae: Triturus helveticus.

Clark, R. (1992): A collection of reptiles from the islands of Symi, Tilos and Gairdaronisi, Dodecanese, Greece. – Herptile, 17 (1): 19-27. (25-12)

Because of the diverse ecological and bioclimatic characteristics of the regions visited it is difficult to give a succinct summary. The most ubiquitous species ancountered were R. graeca, B. variegata, L. viridis, P. muralis, T. hermanni.
Of the more cryptic species B. bufo and A. fragilis seem widely distributed. Other taxa can be abundant at a local level but more erratic in occurrence; A. nigropunctatus, L. trilineata and P. erhardii. Summer, even at the higher elevations, is not a propitious time for snakes and few specimens were found.
N. tessellata was abundant at Prespa and the occasional sightings of N. natrix point to a broad altitude tolerance. Interesting was diurnal activity in V. ammodytes despite the prevailing high daytime temperatures. The Prespa Lake region was rich in small lacertids, A. nigropunctatus, P. erhardii, P. muralis and P. taurica were all found in close proximity and exhibited a degree of sympatry. The finding of L. agilis and E. longissima were valuable records for species that are poorly known in Greece. We now have a lot of information on the herpetofauna of the Pindos mountains and a check list needs to be compiled which maps the distribution of the various taxa against altitude and ecosystems. It is clear that in many cases biotopes is as least as significant as altitude in determining the micro-range in mountain complexes and this should make a worthwhile study.

Anguidae: Anguis fragilis. Lacertidae: Algyroides nigropunctatus, Lacerta agilis bosnica, Lacerta trilineata trilineata, Lacerta viridis, Podarcis erhardii riveti, Podarcis muralis albanica, Podarcis taurica taurica. Colubridae: Coluber jugularis caspius, Elaphe longissima longissima, Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus, Natrix natrix persa, Natrix tessellata tessellata, Telescopus fallax fallax. Viperidae: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis. Testudinidae: Testudo hermanni. Bufonidae: Bufo bufo spinosus. Discoglossidae: Bombina variegata scabra. Ranidae: Rana graeca, Rana ridibunda ridibunda. Salamandridae: Salamandra salamandra salamandra.

Clark, R. (1992): An acount of herpetological observations inMacedonia, the Pindos Mountains and Prespa Lage region, Greece. – Herptile, 17 (2): 49-63. (52-14)

Because of the diverse ecological and bioclimatic characteristics of the regions visited it is difficult to give a succinct summary. The moste ubiquitous species encountered were R. graeca, B. variegata, L. viridis, P. muralis, T. hermanni.
Of the more cryptic species B. bufo and A. fragilis seem widely distributed. Other taxa can be abundant at a local level but more erratic in occurrence; A. nigropunctatus, L. trilineata and P. erhardii. Summer, even at the higher elevations, is not a propitious time for snakes and few specimens were found.
N. tessellata was abundant at Prespa and the oocasional sightings of N. natrix point to a broad altitude tolerance. Interesting was diurnal activity in V. ammodytes despite the prevailing high daytime temperatures. The Prespa Lake region was rich in small lacertids, A. nigropunctatus, P. erhardii, P. muralis and P. taurica were all found in close proximity and exhibited a degree of sympatry. The finding of L. agilis and E. longissima were valuable records for species that are poorly known in Greece. We now have a lot of information on the herpetofauna of the Pindos mountains and a check list needs to be compiled which maps the distribution of the various taxa against altitude and exosystems. It is clear that in many cases biotope is as least as significant as altitude in determining the micro-range in mountain complexes and this should make a worthwile study.

Anguidae: Anguis fragilis. Lacertidae: Algyroides nigropunctatus, Lacerta agilis bosnica, Lacerta trilineata trilineata, Lacerta viridis, Podarcis erhardii riveti, Podarcis muralis albanica, Podarcis taurica taurica. Colubridae: Coluber jugularis caspius, Elaphe longissima longissima, Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus, Natrix natrix persa, Natrix tessellata tessellata, Telescopus fallax fallax. Viperidae: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis. Testudinidae: Testudo hermanni. Bufonidae: Bufo bufo spinosus. Discoglossidae: Bombina variegata scabra. Ranidae: Rana graeca, Rana ridibunda ridibunda. Salamandridae: Salamandra salamandra salamandra.

Clark, R. (1993): The herpetofauna of the Greek Island of Thassos. – Herptile, 18 (4): 183-187. (57-15)

The herpetofauna of Thassos consists of 22 recorded species, four amphibian and eighteen reptilian. Only a few of these can be said to be really common in the sense that they are conspicuous during the summer months. These are the Marsh frog, the Stripe-necked terrapin, the Green lizard and the Glass snake.Others are dependant ona more critical biotope, such as the Stream frog, whereas species such as the Green toad and the Worm snake are undoubtedly more often encountered in the early spring when conditions are much coller. Snakes are always problematic. The long-nosed viper is a lover of relatively cool weather, and becomes largely nocturnal and consequently difficult to find in the summer. The presence of both the Caspian Whip snake and the Montpellier snake seems to have produced a situation where the latter is more common..Both have similar habitat requirements and dietary needs. Then there are those species which must be rare or on the verge of extinction, namely the Slow worm and the Four-lined snake. The possibility that the Smooth snake may exist needs following up. Lastly, what has been the effect of forest fire and loss of habitats? Which species have managed to survive and which may become so reduced in numbers that their future status is uncertain? Which species will be most resilient in making a come-back and will be secondary vegetation that is already beginning to take over burnt areas affect species sontent and balance? These are important and interesting questions. If anything positive is to come out of a disaster it must be investigated and herpetologists visiting Thassos now and in the future face a challenge in establishing precisely what damage has been done and what changes in faunal content can be anticipated.

Anguidae: Anguis fragilis, Ophisaurus apodus. Gekkonidae: Hemidactylus turcicus, Tenuidactylus kotschyi. Lacertidae: Algyroides moreoticus, Lacerta trilineata, Lacerta viridis, Ophisops elegabns, Podarcis taurica. Scincidae: Ablepharus kitaibelii, Chalcides ocellatus. Colubridae: Coluber jugularis caspius, Coluber najadum dahlii, Coronella austriaca, Elaphe quatuorlineata sauromates. Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus, Natrix natrix persa. Typhlopidae: Typhlops vermicularis. Viperidae: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis. Bataguridae: Mauremys caspica rivulata. Testudinidae: Testudo graeca, Testudo marginata. Bufonidae: Bufo viridis. Hylidae: Hyla arborea. Ranidae: Rana graeca, Rana ridibunda.

CLARK, R. (1994): Observations on the herpetofauna of southern Norway (Anguis fragilis, Lacerta vivipara, Coronella austriaca, Natrix, Vipera berus). – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 1994 (47): 30-44.

Clark,R. (1996): Some notes on the reptile fauna of Fournoi, ikaria, and Schinoussa, Aegeansea, Greece. – Brit. Herp. Soc. Bull., 56: 35-39. (58-30)

A trip to Greece in the early summer of 1995 gave me the opportunity to visit the islands of Fournois, Ikaria and Schinoussa. None of these islands have received much attention from herpetologist and relatively little has been published. This report is basically a summary of my field notes and I am withholding zoo-geographical discussions and topographical descriptions except where these are of direct relevance.

Agamidae: Agama stellio, Agama stellio daani. Gekkonidae: Tenuidactylus kotschyi, Tenuidactylus kotschyi beutleri. Lacertidae: Lacerta oertzeni oertzeni, Podarcis erhardii naxensis, Ophisops elegans, Ophisops elegans macrodactylus. Scincidae: Ablepharus kitaibelli, Ablepharus kitaibelli kitaibelli. Colubridae: Coluber caspius, Coluber caspius caspius, Eirenis modestus modestus, Elaphe quatuorlöineata muenteri, Natrix natrix persa, Telescopus fallax. Viperidae: Vipera xanthina.

Clark, R. (1997): The herpetofauna of the uninhabited Islands of the Spetsai/Hydra Island complex, Greece. – Brit. Herp. Soc. Bull., 58: 46-43. (43-24)

The following species were found on the uninhabited islands: Testudo m. marginata (Dhokòs); Hemidactylus t. turcicus (Dhokòs); Tenuidactylus kotschyi (ubiquitious); Ablepharus k. kitaibelli (Agios Iòannis, Tigàni, Petàssi, Dhokòs); Lacerta t. trilineata (Dhokòs); Lacerta trilineata new subsp. (Stavrònissos); Podarcis erhardii livadiaca (Petàssi); Coluber g. gemonensis (Trikkeri, Stavrònissos, Dhokòs); Coluber najadum dahlii (Dhokòs). Trinomial nomenclature is given in all species except where taxonomic uncertainty exists: Tenuidactylus kotschyi.

Clark, R. (1999): Herpetofauna of Thassos, North Aegean sea, Greece. – Brit,. Herp. Soc. Bull., 66: 14-18. (43-13)

The herpetofauna of Thassos consists of 5 amphibians (2 toads, 3 frogs) and 14 reptiles (1 tortoise, 6 lizards, 6 snakes), a total of 19 species. The possibility that some of the species mentioned in List B may also occur brings the total to a potential 24. In addition a further two species need to be considered: Ablepharus kitaibelli, Snake-eyed Skink, and Emys orbicularis, European Pond Tortoise. As I have indicated (Clark, 1993) the apparent absence of the former species is curious considering its otherwise ubiquitous range. This little skink prefers cool, dampish situations and is most commonly found in the earyl spring and autumn. E. orbicularis has recently been recorded from Samothraki (Broggi, 1988) where it is sympatric with Mauremys caspica.

Anguidae: Anguis fragilis colchicus, Ophisaurus apodus thracius. Gekkonidae: Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus, Tenuidactylus kotschyi bibroni. Lacertidae: Lacerta viridis viridis, Ophisops elegans macrodactylus, Podarcis erhardii, Podarcis muralis, Podarcis taurica taurica, Podarcis taurica thassopoulae. Scincidae: Ablepharus kitaibelli, Chalcides ocellatus ocellatus. Colubridae: Coluber jugularis caspius, Coluber nummifer, Coluber ravergieri, Coronella austriaca, Elaphe longissima, Elaphe quatuorlineata sauromates. Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus, Natrix natrix persa. Typhlopidae: Typhlops vermicularis. Viperidae: Vipera ammodytes meridionalis. Bataguridae: Mauremys caspica. Emydidae: Emys orbicularis. Testudinidae: Testudo graeca ibera, Testudo marginata. Bufonidae: Bufo bufo bufo, Bufo viridis viridis. Hylidae: Hyla arborea arborea. Ranidae: Rana dalmatine, Rana graeca, Rana ridibunda ridibunda.

Clark, R.J. & E.D. Clark (1970): Notes on four lizard species from the Peloponnese, Greece: Algyroides moreoticus Bibron & Bory, Anguis fragilis peloponnesiacus Stepanek, Ophiomorus punctatissimus (Bibron & Bory) and Ophisaurus apodus (Pallas). – British Journal of Herpetology, 4: 135-137.

Clark, R.J. & E.D. Clark (1973): Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles fromTurkey. – Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco, 104: 1-62.

Clark, R.J., Clark, E.D., Anderson, S.C. & A.E. Leviton (1969): Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Afghanistan. – Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th Ser., 36 (10): 279-316. (32-29)

The collection assembled by the senior authors in Afghanistan in the summer of 1964 includes 26 species of amphibians and reptiles. Of these 26 species, Eremias aria was described recently by the junior authors from this material, and Phrynocephalus clarkorum, a species previously confused with P. ornatus, was recognized and described by Anderson and Leviton. In addition, Bufo andersoni, Rana cyanophlyctis, and Mabuya dissimilis are recorded from Afghanistan for the first time, while the presence in Afghanistan of Varanus bengalensis is finally documented.
The specimens collected in eastern Afghanistan in the valley of the Kabul River and its tributary streams (stations 13-16) are of particular zoogeographic interest. In this region a number of predominantly Indian species penetrate Afghanistan. These include Rana cyanophlyctis, Varanus bengalensis, Calotes versicolor, and Mabuya dissimilis. In addition, Eublepharis macularius, known from the Salt Range of the Punjab and from West Pakistan, enters here. Acanthodactylus cantoris is also present in this area, at an unusual elevation for this species. Whether this population is most closely related to those of the Helmand basin or to those of Rajasthan remains to be determined. Particularly interesting too is the discovery inthis region of two previously unrecorded species of Eremias (E. aria and E. regeli) both of which appear to have their greatest affinities with species found to be north of the Hindu Kush in the USSR. Agama nupta, apparently a species of the southern margins of the Iranian Plateau, is also present. Bufo andersoni, another species of West Pakistan and northern India, was taken west of Khost in the drainage of the Kurram River, a tributary of the Indus. Rana cyanophlyctis was found in this locality also.

Agamidae: Agama agilis, Agama caucasica, Agama nupta, Agama ruderata, Calotes versicolor, Phrynocephalus clarkorum, Phrynocephalus luteoguttatus, Phrynocephalus ornatus, Phrynocephalus scutellatus. Gekkonidae: Alsophylax cf. pipiens, Bunopus tuberculatus, Cyrtodactylus fedtschenkoi, Cyrtodactylus scaber, Eublepharis macularius. Lacertidae: Acanthodactylus cantoris, Eremias aria, Aremias guttulata watsonana, Eremias regeli, Eremias velox persica. Scincidae: Mabuya dissimilis, Ophiomorus tridactylus. Varanidae: Varanus bengalensis bengalensis. Colubridae: Coluber spec. Bufonidae: Bufo andersoni. Ranidae: Rana cyanophlyctis, Rana sternosignata.

Clemons, Jan

Clemons, J. & M. Lambert (1996): Herpetology in Jersey: A report of the 1996 visit to Jersey organised by the Conservation Committee. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 57: 33-40. (55-05)

Lacerta viridis, Podarcis muralis.

Clerx, P.M.J.

Clerx, P.M.J. & J.L.V. Broers (1983): Oecologisch onderzoek aan Lacerta vivipara, de levendbarende hagedis, in het Oostenrijks hooggebergte. – Lacerta, s´Gravenhage, 41 (5): 78-84.
Summary:
During summer 1981 an ecological study was made on a highland population of Lacerta vivipara in Serfaus (Tirol, Austria) at an altitude of 2000 m. The main aim of this investigation was the study of the reproduction cycle during the relatively short season of activity. When possible comparisons were made with corresponding data of lowland populations in the Netherlands.

Clobert, J.

Clobert, J., Massot, M., Lecomte, J., Sorci, G., Fraipont, M.de & R. Barbault (1994): Determinants of dispersal behaviour: the common lizard as a case study. – In: Vitt, L.J. & E.R. Pianka (eds.):Lizard ecology: historical and experimental perspectives. 183-206. Princeton University Press, Oxford.

Clobert, J., Massot, M., Léna, J.-P. & M. de Fraipont (1997): Les determinants du comportement de dispersion chez le lizard vivipare. – In: Rapport pour la subvention de recherché n° 94186.

Clobert, J., Massot, M., Pilorge, T. & J. Lecomte (1990): Recherches sur la dynamique et la repartition des populations de Lacerta vivipara et Lacerta agilis dans le Parc National de Cévennes. – In: Rapport de recherché E.G.P.N., Gestion des espèces.

Clobert, J., Oppliger, A., Sorci, G., Ernande, B., Swallow, J.G. & T.J. Garland (2000): Trade-offs in phenotypic traits: Endurance at birth, growth, survival, predation, and susceptibility to parasitism in a lizard, Lacerta vivipara. – Functional Ecology, 14: 675-684.

Clover, R.C.

Clover, R.C. (1975): Morphological variation in populations of Lacerta from Islands in the Adriatic Sea. – Dissertation Abstr. int. (B), 35 (7): 3665.

Clover, R.C. (1975): Morphological variation in populations of Lacerta from islands in the Adriatic Sea. – Tesis. Oregon State University.

Clover, R.C. (1979): Phenetic relationships among populations of Podarcis sicula and P. melisellensis (Sauria: Lacertidae) from islands in the Adriatic Sea. – Systematic Zoology, 28: 284-298.

Cobror, O

Cobror, O. (1985): The chromosome complement of some insular lacertid lizards. – Atti Accd. Naz. Lincei, 76: 189-193.

Cock, J.J.

Cock, J.J. (1957): Een eier rovende Balearenhagedis. – Lacerta, 15 (5): 39-40. (21-25)

Colom, G.

Colom, G. (1953): Los saurios: su origin y su actual distribución. – Bol. Soc. Hist. Nat. Baleares, 2: 5-20.

Colom, G. (1962): Hallazgo de una colonia de Lacerta lilfordi en la costa de Mallorca: islota d´Es Colomé (Formentor). – Bol. Soc. Hist. Nat. Baleares, 7: 61-67.

Commisse Gezondheid en Welzijn Gezelschapsdieren

Commisse Gezondheid en Welzijn Gezelschapsdieren (?): Lacerta´s. Lacerta trilineata. – Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij vor Diergeneeskunde, Utrecht. 3 S. (40-15)

Compte Sart, A.

Compte Sart, A. (1968): La fauna de Menorca y su origen (Sintesis de la fauna de Menorca, su naturaleza y un ensayo acerca de su origen). – Rev. Menorca, Extranr., 212 S.

Conant, R.

Conant, R. (1959): Lacerta colony still extant at Philadelphia. – Copeia, 1959: 335-336.

Constanzo, J.P.

Constanzo, J.P., Grenot, C. & R.E. Lee (1995): Supercooling, ice inoculation and freeze tolerance in the European common lizard, Lacerta vivipara. – J. Comp. Physiol., B – Biochem. System. Environm. Physiol., 165: 238-244. (50-15)

The European common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) is widely distributed throughout Eurasia and is one of the few Palaearctic reptiles occurring above the Arctic Circle. We investigated the cold-hardiness of L. vivipara from France which routinely encounter subzero temperatures within their shallow hibernation burrows. In the laboratory, cold-acclimated lizards exposed to subfreezing temperatures as low as –3.5°C could remain unfrozen (supercooled) for at least 3 weeks so long as their microenvironment was dry. In contrast, specimens cooled in contact with ambient ice crystals susceptibility to inoculative freezing was not necessarily deleterious since L. vivipara readily tolerated the freezing of its tissues, with body surface temperatures as low as –3.0°C during trials lasting up to 3 days. Freezing survival was promoted by relatively low post-nucleation cooling rates (≤ 0.1°C h-1) and apparently was associated with an accumulation of the putative cryoprotectant, glucose. The cold-hardiness strategy of L. vivipara may depend on both supercooling and freeze tolerance capacities, since this combination would afford the greatest likelihood of surviving winter in its dynamic thermal and hydric microenvironment.

Cooper, J.S.

Cooper, J.S. (1961): The wall lizard, a case history. – Aquarist & Pondkpr., 26: 27-28.

Cooper, William E.

Cooper, W.E. (1990): Prey odor detection by teiid and lacertid lizards and the relationship of prey odor detection to foraging in lizard families. – Copeia, 1990: 237-242.

Cooper,W.E., Pérez-Mellado, V. & N. Sillero (2002): Responses to food chemicals by the insectivorous lacertid lizard Podarcis muralis. – Amphibia-Reptilia, 23: 238-245.

Cooper, W.E. & M.J. Whiting (1999): Foraging modes in lacertid lizards from southern Africa. – Amphibia-Reptilia, Leiden, 20 (3): 299-311. (02-21)

Most lacertids are active foragers, but intrafamilial variation in foraging mode is greater than in most lizard families. We collected data on eight species of African lacertids to assess this variation. Both active and ambush foraging occurred within Pedioplanis and Meroles. Meroles ctenodactylus had a proportion of time moving and proportion of attacked prey detected while moving intermediate to those for actively foraging and ambushing Pedioplanis, but its number of movements per minute was exceptionally high. This species has a unique mixed foraging mode. Like active foragers, it seeks food by tongue-flicking while moving and spends a high percentage of the time moving. Like ambush foragers, it searches visually for prey during pauses between movements. Our findings confirm published data on four Kalahari lacertids. We discuss the history of foraging modes in advanced lacertids.

Heliobolus lugubris, Meroles ctenodactylus, Meroles knoxii, Meroles reticulatus, Nucras tessellata, Pedioplanis lineoocellata, Pedioplanis namaquensis, Pedioplanis undata.

Cooper Jr., W.E.

COOPER Jr., W.E. & V. PÉREZ-MELLADO (2004): Tradeoffs between escape behaviour and foraging opportunity by the Balearic Lizard (Podarcis lilfordi). – Herpetologica, 60 (3): 321-324.

Cope, E.D.

Cope, E.D. (1862): On Lacerta echinata and Tiliqua dura. – Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1862: 189-191.

Corbett, Keith F.

CORBETT, K.F. (1969): Red light for the sand lizards in Britain. – Oryx, 10 (2): 89-90.

Corbett, K.F. (1986): Biogenetic reserves for threatened species of herpetofauna in Western Europe. – In: Rocek, Z. (ed.): Studies in Herpetology. Prague 1986: 727-730. (54-24)

Gallotia simonyi simonyi, Podarcis hispanica atrata, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis milensis, Podarcis pityusensis.

Corbett, K. (1988): “Biogenetic reserves” and conservation of European herpetofauna. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 24: 3-4. (46-16)

Gallotia simonyi, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis milensis, Podarcis pityusensis.

Corbett, K.F. (1988): Distribution and status of the Sand lizard, Lacerta agilis agilis, in Britain. – Mertensiella, Bonn, 1: 92-100. (39-29)

Verbreitung und Status von Lacerta agilis in Großbritannien werden besprochen. Es zeigt sich, daß der Zauneidechsenbestand kontinuierlich zurückgeht. Die bekannten Ursachen des Rückgangs werden aufgezeigt.

Corbett, K.F. (1988): Conservation strategy for the Sand lizard (Lacerta agilis agilis) in Britain. – Mertensiella, Bonn, 1: 101-109. (39-27)

Die theortischen und praktischen Möglichkeiten der britischen Naturschutzgesetzgebung werden beschrieben.
Es wird über die wichtigsten Bemühungen und Methoden des Managements von Heidebiotopen berichtet, wie auch über die nicht so wichtigen, aber strategisch bedeutenden Anstrengungen und Techniken von Wiederansiedlungen.
Eine Fußnote weist auf die politischen Realitäten und den Schutz hin.

CORBETT, K.F. (1994): Pilot study for sand lizard: U.K. recovery programme. – English Nature Research Report No. 102, English Nature, Peterborough.

Corbett, K. (1999): Hierro Giant Lizard workshop – considerantions for the future. – In: López-Jurado, L.F. & J.A. Mateo Miras (eds.): El lagarto gigante de El Hierro: Bases para su conservación. Asociación Herpetológica Española. Monografias de Herpetologica, 4: 271-272. (66-30)

Corbett, K. (2002): Status, threats and conservation requirements of Lacerta bilineata on Jersey. – Mertensiella, Rheinbach, 13: 98-104. (63-17)

Die westliche Smaragdeidechse L. bilineata lebt auf der Kanalinsel Jersey am nordwestlichen Rand ihres Verbreitungsgebietes unter für die Art entsprechend suboptimalen Temperaturbedingungen. Zwar sind von der Insel Jersey einige interessante Färbungsmuster beschrieben worden, doch haben diese wohl keine Relevanz im taxonomischen Sinn.
Die höchste Populationsdichte erreichen die Smaragdeidechsen auf Jersey in Küstendünengebieten, die dicht mit Standhafer (Ammophila arenaria) bewachsen sind, doch werden auch trockene Klippenstandorte besiedelt. Häufig handelt es sich dabei um mit Heide bewachsene Flächen, bzw. um ehemalige Brandflächen mit Aufwuchs von Ginster, Brombeere etc. In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist ein deutlicher Rückganz der Smaragdeidechsenvorkommen auf Jersey festzustellen, welcher auf die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft, die Anwendung von Pestiziden sowie Habitatverlust durch starke Sukzession von Bäumen und Büschen zurückgeführt wird. Möglicherweise spielte dabei auch die gestiegene Katzenpopulation eine Rolle. Darüber hinaus gingen und gehen mehr und mehr Habitate beziehungsweise Habitatbestandteile (Eiablageplätze!) durch Ferienhausbau und menschliche Freizeitaktivitäten wie Mountainbiking, Golfen oder „Dünengleiten“ verloren.
Viele der bestehenden Habitate auf der Insel sind stark zersplittert, ohne angemessenes Management und oft ohne jeden Schutzstatus. Die Art wird daher im Süden sowie im Osten der Insel weiter zurückgehen und schließlich ganz verschwinden, wenn nicht rasch entsprechende Schutzmaßnahmen ergriffen werden. Das verbliebene Hauptverbreitungsgebiet der Westlichen Smaragdeidechse auf Jersey befindet sich im Südwesten der Insel in einem nur ca. 10 km² großen Gebiet. Nur zwei der für L. bilineata interessanten Gebiete sind hier bisher geschützt. Doch auch in diesem Hauptverbreitungsgebiet wird die Art ohne angemessene Managementmaßnahmen zurückgehen. Aufgrund des besonderen Status der Insel Jersey (Crown Dependant Territory of the U.K.) dem sie eine autonome Regierung und Gesetzgebung verdankt, sind die Perspektiven für ein Schutzprogramm zugunsten der Westlichen Smaragdeidechse (L. bilineata) eher schlecht, weil europäische Abkommen wie die Berner Konvention nicht automatisch auf Jersey gelten. Unter solchen Umständen sind Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Art wohl nur durch weiteren Druck über die EU, bzw. durch ständige Nachfragen beim Europäischen Parlament, zu erreichen.

Corbett, K., Andrén, C., Balletto, E., Groombridge, B., Grossenbacher, K., Martinez Rica, J., Podloucky, R. & A. Stumpel (1987): Critical habitat and biogenetic reserve recommendations for Europe´s most threatened herpetofauna. – In: Gelder, J.J. van, Strijbosch, H. & P.J.M. Bergers (eds.): Proc. 4th Ord. Gen. Met. S.E.H., Nijmegen 1987: 103-106. (54-18)

Gallotia simonyi, Podarcis hispanica atrata, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis milensis, Podarcis pityusensis.

Corbett, K.F. & D.L. Tamarind (1979): Conservation of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis, by habitat management. – British Journal of Herpetology, 5: 799-823.

Cordero, P.J.

Cordero, P.J., Salvador, A. & J.P. Veiga (1998): A method of DNA sampling in lizards with tail autotomy. – Herpetological review, 29: 23-25.

Cornelissen, Th.

Cornelissen, T. (1971): Een serie foto´s van het uitkomen van eieren van Lacerta sicula campestris. – Lacerta, 30 (1): 9-14. (26-15)

The author spent two nights trying to take a photo of Lacerta sicula campestris emerging from the egg. The first night he sat up till six o´clock in the morning, only to see a young emerge with lightning speed and photographing it was impossible. The second night he opened an already broken shell a little bit further, whereupon the young slowly crept out of the egg. The photos speak for themselves. One of them is to be seen on the frontpage of this issue. The last photo shows the egg-tooth of the young.

Corti, Claudia

Corti, C. (1988): Ricerche sulla variabilit morfologica e genetica della Podarcis sicula (Rafinesque, 1810) dell´ Arcipelago Toscano (Reptilia, Lacertoidae). – Ph.D. Thesis Univ. Firenze.

Corti, C. (1999): Recovery plan of Gallotia simonyi. – In: López-Jurado, L.F. & J.A. Mateo Miras (eds.): El lagarto gigante de El Hierro: Bases para su conservación. Asociación Herpetológica Española. Monografias de Herpetologica, 4: 273. (66-31)

CORTI, C. (2006): Podarcis muralis. – In: Sindaco, R., Doria, G., Razetti, E. & F. Bernini (eds.): Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili d’Italia / Atlas of Italian Amphibians and Reptiles. Firenze (Societas Herpetologica Italica, Edizione Polistampa). 476-479.

Corti, C., Bischoff, W. & W. Böhme (1999): Die Lacertiden der Mittelmeer-Inseln – eine erste Übersicht. – Die Eidechse, Bonn, 10 (2): 41-58. (56-17)

Das Mittelmeer ist in seiner Nordhälfte stark strukturiert und durch zahlreiche größere aber auch kleinste Inseln und Archipele aufgelockert. Auch vor den Küsten Spaniens, Nord-Afrikas und der Levante befinden sich einige kleine Inseln. Fast alle Mittelmeer-Inseln werden von den Eidechsen der Familie Lacertidae bevölkert. Derzeit sind 39 Arten bekannt. Die meisten inselbewohnenden Arten, vor allem auf den küstennahen Inseln, sind auch, oft überwiegend, auf dem Festland verbreitet. Auf einigen älteren Archipelen leben endemische Arten (Algyroides fitzingeri, Lacerta bedriagae, Podarcis atratus, P. filfolensis, P. gaigae, P. lilfordi, P. milensis, P. pityusensis, P. raffonei, P. tiliguerta und P. waglerianus). Es kaum auch zu anthropogenen Verschleppungen (z.B. Teira perspicillata auf Menorca).
Die Mittelmeer-Eidechsen leben in ihren begrenzten Lebensräumen unter ständiger potentieller Bedrohung. Auf einige Gefährdungsfaktoren wird hingewiesen. Als Modellgruppe zum Verständnis der sensiblen Ökosysteme auf Inseln verdienen die Eidechsen unseren besonderen Schutz.

Acanthodactylus boskianus, Acanthodactylus erythrurus, Acanthodactylus maculatus, Acanthodactylus schreiberi, Algyroides fitzingeri, Algyroides moreoticus, Algyroides nigropunctatus, Lacerta bilineata, Lacerta trilineata, Lacerta viridis, Lacerta bedriagae, Lacerta bedriagae bedriagae, Lacerta bedriagae paessleri, Lacerta oxycephala, Lacerta anatolica, Lacerta laevis, Lacerta oertzeni, Mesalina guttulata, Mesalina olivieri, Ophisops elegans, Podarcis atratus, Podarcis erhardii, Podarcis filfolensis, Podarcis filfolensis maltensis, Podarcis gaigeae, Podarcis hispanicus, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis melisellensis, Podarcis milensis, Podarcis milensis milensis, Podarcis muralis, Podarcis peloponnesiacus, Podarcis pityusensis, Podarcis raffonei, Podarcis siculus, Podarcis siculus hieroglyphicus, Podarcis tauricus, Podarcis tiliguerta, Podarcis tiliguerta tiliguerta, Podarcis waglerianus, Podarcis waglerianus waglerianus, Psammodromus algirus, Psammodromus hispanicus, Teira perspicillata, Timon lepidus, Timon pater.

Corti, C., Böhme, W., Delfino, M. & M. Masseti (1999): Man and lacertids on the mediterranean islands: Conservation perspectives. – Natura Croatica, Zagreb, 8 (3): 287-300. (65-25)

The aim of the present study is to synthesise the available data on the occurrence of lacertid lizards on Mediterranean islands better to understand how far human influence is involved in the present distributional patterns of insular lacertid lizard fauna. At present, the Mediterranean islands are inhabited by several lacertid genera, including endemic species of the genera Algyroides (viz. fitzingeri), “Lacerta” [Archaeolacerta] (viz. bedriagae) and Podarcis (atratus, filfolensis, gaigae, lilfordi, milensis, pityusensis, raffonei, tiliguerta, waglerianus). Recently reported data shed new light on the relationships between these endemics and some continental species that have recently colonised the islands. The arrival of the latter might be directly related to the progressive human colonisation of these islands. The arising conservation problems are also considered.

Acanthodactylus schreiberi, Algyroides fitzingeri, Algyroides moreoticus, Algyroides nigropunctatus, Lacerta anatolica, Lacerta bedriagae, Lacerta bilineata, Lacerta laevis, Lacerta oertzeni, Lacerta oxycephala, Lacerta trilineata, Lacerta viridis, Ophisops elegans, Podarcis atratus, Podarcis erhardii, Podarcis filfolensis, Podarcis gaigeae, Podarcis hispanicus, Podarcis lilfordi, Podarcis melisellensis, Podarcis milensis, Podarcis muralis, Podarcis peloponnesiacus, Podarcis pityusensis, Podarcis raffonei, Podarcis siculus, Podarcis tauricus, Podarcis tiliguerta, Podarcis waglerianus, Psammodromus algirus, Teira perspicillata, Timon lepidus.

CORTI, C. & P. LO CASCIO (1999): I lacertidi italiani. – L’Epos, Palermo.

CORTI, C., CASCIO, P.L. & M. BIAGGINI (2006): Mainland and insular lacertid lizards: a mediterranean perspective. – Firenze University Press, Firenze. 218 S.

Corti, C., Gravelli, P. & B. Lanza (1996): Analisi preliminare della variabilità altitudinale dialcuni caratteri meristici in Podarcis muralis (Reptilia, Lacertidae) dell´Italia continentale e peninsulare. – Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali – Acta Biologica, 71 (1994): 233-239.

Corti, C., Nistri, A., Poggesi, M. & S. Vanni (1991): Biogeographical analysis of the Tuscan herpetofauna (Central Italy). – Revista Española de Herpetologia, Madrid, 5: 51-75. (54-23)

Se presenta una lista crítica de 17 especies de Anfibios (7 Urodels y 10 Anuros) y 21 Reptiles (5 Testudínidos, 8 Saurios y 7 Serpientes) citados en Toscana (Italia, así como su pertenencia a unas u otras categorías corológicas. La categoría más representada es la europea, con 17 especies (44,7 %), seguida de la apenínica (18,4 %), eurocentroasiática (15,8 %), tirrénica (7,9 %) y holomediterránea (5,3 %). Tres especies, precisamente las tortugas marinas, son cosmopolitas (7,9 %); tres especies (Rana catesbeiana, Testudo graeca y Testudo marginata) y, probablemente, una subespecie (Vipera aspis hugyi) se han introducido y aclimitado en la Toscana. Por fin, se examinan brevemente las especies toscanas más interesantes desde el punto de vista biogeográfico: Speleomantes italicus, Speleomantes ambrosii, Salamandrina terdigitata, Triturus alpestris, Discoglossus sardus, Hyla sarda y Rana italica entre los Anfibios, y Phyllodactylus europaeus entre los Reptiles.

Podarcis muralis beccarii, Podarcis muralis brueggemanni, Podarcis muralis colosii, Podarcis muralis insulanica, Podarcis muralis marcuccii, Podarcis muralis muellerlorenzi, Podarcis muralis vinciguerrai, Podarcis sicula campestris, Podarcis sicula calabresiae, Podarcis sicula cerbolensis, Podarcis sicula roberti, Podarcis sicula tyrrhenica, Podarcis sicula caporiaccoi, Lacerta viridis viridis, Lacerta viridis feyervaryi.

Cote, J.

Cote, J. (2003): Rôle deds caroténoïdes et de la corticostérone dans la relation entre condition et couleur d´un individu chez le lizard vivipara (Lacerta vivipara). – DEA d´Ecologie – Université Paris VI, Parius XI, INAPG.

Covaciu-Marcov, S.-D.

COVACIU-MARCOV, S.D., BOGDAN, H.V. & S. FERENTI (2006): Notes regarding the presence of some Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) populations on the railwoads of western Romania. – North-Western Journal of Zoology, 2: 126-130.

COVACIU-MARCOV, S.-D., CICORT-LUCASIU, A.-S., SAS, I., BOGDAN, H. & C. PUSTA (2003): Preliminary data about the distribution of Podarcis taurica in the North-western parts of Romani. – Analele Univ. Oradea, Fasc. Biologie, Tom. X: 111-117.

Cowlishaw, G.

Cowlishaw, G. & R.A. Avery (1991): Visual stimuli and spontaneous locomotor patterns of Common lizards, Lacerta vivipara. – Herpetological Journal, 1: 577-579. (38-21)

The movement pattern of adult male Lacerta vivipara travelling spontaneously along a wooden-walled channel was similar to the previously measured pattern of animals moving across an open space, comprising an alternation of short (~ 1s) bursts of locomotion with even shorter (~ 0,1s) pauses. Changing the structure and appearance of the walls of the channel altered the locomotor pattern. Grass turf separated from the lizards by glass had the greatest effect, causing a decrease in mean burst speed and an increase in mean pause duration. This persisted for 25 trials, suggesting that the response to the visual stimulus presented by turf was investigatory and not merely due to its novelty, whereas the smaller effect seen when the walls were of white card waned with time and so may have been primarily a response to change.

Crespo, E.G. (1972): Répteis de Portugal continental des colleccöes do Museu Bocage. – Arqivos do Museu Bocage, Lisboa, (2) 3, 17: 447-612.

Crespo, E.G. (1973): Sobre a distribucao e ecologia da herpetofauna Portuguesa. Arqivos do Museu Bocage, Lisboa, 2a série IV, 11: 247-260.

Crespo, E.G. (1975): Aditamento aos catálogos dos répteis e anfibios de Portugal continental das coleccöes do museu Bocage. – Arqivos do Museu Bocage, Lisboa, (2. série) 3 (17): 447-612.

Crespo, E.G. & J.M. Cei (1975): Acerca de Lacerta monticola monticola Boul. Da Serra da Estrela (Portugal). – Arquivos Mus. Bocage (2 Sér.) notas y Supl., 5 (23): 1-8.

Crichton, M.

Crichton, M. (1975): Provisional distribution maps of amphibians, reptiles and mammals in Ireland. – Dublin (Folens & Co.). 96 S.

Crisp, Mary

Crisp, M., Cook, L.M. & F.V. Hereward (1979): Color and heat balance in the lizard Lacerta dugesii. – Copeia, 1979 (2): 250-258. (23-10)

Populations of Lacerta dugesii from different localities varied in the proportions of individuals exhibiting the different color varieties. The commonest colors were correlated with the predominant background colors of the locality.
Individuals tended to darken with age but dorsal color was invariant in the short term. Angle of view, however, altered the perceived color of some lizards. Some lizards were bright orange ventrally and this color could fade rapidly.
Variations in color may be cryptic adaptations against visually-hunting predators. Color differences must also affect heat balance to some extent. We aimed to find out if the effect was quantitatively important under field conditions.
Color did not significantly affect rate of warming or cooling of lizards under natural insolation.
The difference in color between matt black and reflective silver had a small effect on heat gain of perspex model lizards in the sun. Pairs of models of which one was shaded and the other sunlit developed much greater temperature differences.
The temperature changes of a small waterfilled vial paralleled those of lizards under the same conditions. There was no evidence of physiological thermoregulation in Lacerta dugesii.
Differences in the frequency of color varieties from locality to locality are more likely to have resulted from selective predation than from any thermal adaptation.

Crnobrnja, J.

CRNOBRNJA, J., ALEKSIC, I. & D. BEJAKOVIC (2005): Fluctuating asymmetry in Podarcis muralis populations from Southern Montenegro: detection of environmental stress in insular populations. – Amphibia-Reptilia, 26 (2): 149-158.

Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J.

CRNOBRNJA ISAILOVIC, J. & I. ALEKSIC (2004): Clutch size in two Central Balkans populations of European common lizard Lacerta vivipara. – Biota, 5 (1-2): 5-10.

Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J. & G. Dzukic (1995): First report about conservation status of herpetofauna in the Skadar Lake Region (Montenegro): Current situation and perspectives. – In: Llorente, G.A., A. Montori, X. Santos & M.A. Carretero (eds.): Scientia Herpetologica, Barcelona. 373-380. (36-01)

Lake Skadara is a large, shallow, mainly oligotrophic lake in southwestern Balkan peninsula. Herpetofauna of this area include some rare species as Typhlops vermicularis, Algyroides nigropunctatus and Elaphe quatuorlineata and many endemic ones for this part of Europe (Rana shqiperica, Lacerta trilineata, Lacerta oxycephala, Podarcis melisellensis, Ophisaurus apodus, Coluber laurenti). No complete list of amphibians and reptiles of Lake Skadar exists, but according to the previous results we can suppose that there is a high biological richness associated with the herpetofauna inhabiting coastal region as well as islands of the lake. Beside report on (non-) undertaken measures and lows of protection, we refer about reasons for proclaiming the region of Lake Skadar as one of European Biogenetic Reserves.

Algyroides nigropunctatus, Lacerta agilis bosnicaLacerta mosorensis, Lacerta oxycephala, Lacerta trilineata, Lacerta viridis, Podarcis melisellensis fiumana, Podarcis muralis albanica, Podarcis sicula.

CRNOBRNJA-ISAILOVIC, J. & G. DŽUKIĆ (1997): Lacerta mosorensis. – In: Gasc, J.-P. (ed.): Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum Nationall d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 250-251.

Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dzukic, G., Aleksic, I., Vujicic, L. & S. Avramov (1994): Distribution and genetic variation of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis, Lacertidae) populations from Lake Skadar: preliminary results. – Bios (Thessaloniki), 2: 275-286.

Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dzukic, G., Aleksic, I., Vujicic, L. & S. Avramov (1995): Podarcis muralis and Lacerta oxycephala (Reptilia, Lacertidae) on the islands of Skadar Lake: Distribution and genetic relationships of populations. – In: Llorente, G.A., A. Montori, X. Santos & M.A: Carretero (eds.): Scientia Herpetologica, Barcelona 1995: 71-80. (15-13)

Region of Skadar Lake (Montenegro) presents part of the southern border of species range for two lacertid lizards: Podarcis muralis (Common Wall Lizard) and Lacerta oxycephala (Sharp-snouted Rock Lizard). Beside coastal area, they also inhabit 27 small islands which form south-western Skadar Lake archipelago. Insular populations seem to be allopatric on all islands except one. In the scope of complex investigations we have performed an strach-gel electrophoretic study on both species. A total of 24 gene loci was analyzed for 11 populations of P. muralis and for 8 populations of L. oxycephala. These data were used to estimate the genetic variability level within populations as well as degree of genetic differentiation among populations. The extent of population genetic structuring in both species is discussed, taking into consideration the possible influence of isolation effects.

Crochet, Pierre-André

Crochet, P.A. (1997): Herpetological observations in southern Israel. – British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 60: 13-24. (43-22)

One species of amphibian and 25 species of reptiles were seen in Israel (mainly around Elat in the southern ´Arava valley) during October, 1994. Psammophis schokari is reported for the first time from southern ´Arava, where only Psammophis aegyptius had been found until now. Cyrtopodion scaber is recorded for the third time from this country. Both Tropiocolotes steudneri and T. nattereri were found, although not in the same area. A full list of localities is given for every species.
During a one-month stay in southern Israel, several species of reptiles and amphibians were observed, mainly in the southern ´Arava valley but also in Sede Boqer (Negev). An exhaustive list of these data is given. Most observations agree with the already known distribution of the taxa as published by Werner (1988) and modified by subsequent papers, although additional information is given for some species. Ecological and behavioural data are given as well since little has been published except in Hebrew on most of these species.
The field work took place between 30, September and 29, October 1994. The best prospected area is constituted by the immediate surroundings of Elat. Several trips were made to the Elat mountains and the ´Arava valley between Yotvata and the Red Sea. Casual observations were made every day during bird or reptile oriented trips. Around elat, I tried to visit as many different habitats as possible, both at day and at night. Only day-time visits were made to more distant areas. This results in an unequal coverage of the prospected area.

Acanthodactylus boskianus, Acanthodactylus opheodurus, Acanthodactylus pardalis, Mesalina olivieri, Mesalina guttulata, Ophisops elegans.

Crochet, P.A., Rufray, V., Viglione, J. & P. Geniez (1996): Découverte en France de Archaeolacerta (bonnali) aurelioi (ARRIBAS, 1994) (Reptilia, Sauria, Lacertidae). Bulletin Societé Herp. France, 80: 5-8.

Cunningham, Peter Low

Cunningham, P.L. (2001): Notes on some aspects of the ecology of Acanthodactylus opheodurus ARNOLD, 1980, from the Unoited Arab Emirates. – Herpetozoa, Wien, 14 (1/2): 15-20. (03-22)

Acanthodactylus opheodurus ARNOLD 1980 ist im Gebiet zwischen Al Ain und dem Jebel Hafit (Emirat Abu Dhabi, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate) lokal regelmäßig anzutreffen, In der heißen Jahreszeit ist die Art ausschließlich morgens (07.30 – 10.30) an der Oberfläche aktiv und erbeutet die Nahrung (vorwiegend Ameisen) sowohl aktiv jagend als auch als Lauerjäger. Zum Zweck der Trhermoregulation, Beutefang und Feindvermeidung wird am häufigsten das Requisitangebot buschförmiger Haloxylon salicornicum und Acacia tortilis genutzt.

Cyrén, Otto

Cyrén, O. (1909): Herpetologisches von einer Balkanreise. – Zoologischer Garten (Zoologischer Beobachter), Frankfurt/Main, 50 (1908): 265-271, 295-300. (20-31)

Algiroides moreoticus, Algiroides nigropunctatus, Lacerta muralis, Lacerta muralis var. fusca, Lacerta muralis var. merremi, Lacerta muralis var. olivacea, Lacerta peloponnesiaca, Lacerta serpa, Lacerta taurica, Lacerta viridis, Ophisope elegans.

Cyrén, O. (1924): Klima und Eidechsenverbreitung. Eine Studie der geographischen Variation und Entwicklung einiger Lacertiden, insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung der klimatischen Faktoren. – Meddelanden Fran Göteborgs Musei Zoologiska Avdelning, 29: 1-97. (02-22)

Lacerta agilis, Lacerta agilis var. chersonensis, Lacerta agilis var. exigua, Lacerta agilis var. spinalis, Lacerta anatolica, Lacerta bedriagae, Lacerta boettgeri, Lacerta brandtii, Lacerta danfordi, Lacerta derjugini, Lacerta dugesii, Lacerta echinata, Lacerta erhardi, Lacerta erhardi var. veithi, Lacerta fiumana var. olivacea, Lacerta graeca, Lacerta horvathy, Lacerta jacksonii, Lacerta jayakari, Lacerta jonica, Lacerta laevis, Lacerta major, Lacerta mosorensis, Lacerta muralis, Lacerta muralis var. bocagii, Lacerta muralis var. brueggemanni, Lacerta muralis var. corsica, Lacerta muralis var. depressa, Lacerta muralis var. fiumana, Lacerta muralis var. fusca, Lacerta muralis var. hispanica, Lacerta muralis var. insulanica, Lacerta muralis var. lilfordi, Lacerta muralis var. liolepis, Lacerta muralis var. livadhiaca, Lacerta muralis var. monticola, Lacerta muralis var. nigriventris, Lacerta muralis var. pityusensis, Lacerta muralis var. quadrilineata, Lacerta muralis var. tiliguerta, Lacerta muralis var. vaucheri, Lacerta ocellata, Lacerta ocellata var. parva, Lacerta oxycephala, Lacerta oxycephala var. tomasinii, Lacerta parva, Lacerta peloponnesiaca, Lacerta praticola, Lacerta sardoa, Lacerta saxicola, Lacerta saxicola var. armeniaca, Lacerta saxicola var. caucasica, Lacerta saxicola var. defilippi, Lacerta saxicola var. portschinski, Lacerta saxicola var. parvula, Lacerta saxicola var. rudis, Lacerta serpa var. albiventris, Lacerta serpa var. campestris, Lacerta serpa var. coerula, Lacerta serpa var. hieroglyphica, Lacerta serpa var. olivacea, Lacerta serpa var. serpa, Lacerta taurica, Lacerta vauereselli, Lacerta viridis, Lacerta viviris forma major, Lacerta viridis var. media, Lacerta viridis var. princeps, Lacerta viridis schreiberi, Lacerta viridis var. strigata, Lacerta viridis var. vaillanti, Lacerta viridis var. woosnami, Lacerta vivipara, Psammodromus algirus, Psammodromus hispanicus.

Cyrén, O. (1928): Spanische und portugiesische Mauereidechsen. – Göteborgs kungl. Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, Ser. B, 1 (1): 1-36. (19-15)

Lacerta agilis var. erythronotus, Lacerta bedriagae, Lacerta bocagii, Lacerta bocagii var. liolepis, Lacerta estrellensis, Lacerta hispanica, Lacerta horvathi, Lacerta monticola, Lacerta muralis muralis, Lacerta rasquinetii, Lacerta saxicola rudis, Lacerta viridis viridis.

Cyrén, O. (1933): Lacertiden der Südöstlichen Balkanhalbinsel. – Bill. Inst. roy. Hist. Natur. Sofia, 6: 219-240. (02-23)

Lacerta agilis, Lacerta agilis var. chersonensis, Lacerta agilis var. spinalis, Lacerta erhardi riveti, Lacerta major, Lacerta muralis muralis, Lacerta praticola pontica, Lacerta sicula hieroglyphica, Lacerta taurica, Lacerta viridis, Lacerta viridis viridis, Lacerta viridis var. meridionalis, Lacerta vivipara.

Cyrén, O. (1934): Zur Kenntnis der Lacertiden der Iberischen Halbinsel und Makaronesiens. – Göteborgs kungl. Vetenskaps- och Vitterhets-Samhälles Handlingar, 4: 3-64. (35-15)

Lacerta bocagii, Lacerta caesaris, Lacerta dugesii, Lacerta galloti, Lacerta monticola, Lacerta monticola monticola, Lacerta monticola estrellensis, Lacerta monticola cantabrica, Lacerta muralis muralis, Lacerta ocellata ocellata, Lacerta schreiberi, Lacerta stehlini, Lacerta viridis viridis, Lacerta vivipara.

Cyrén, O. (1935): Herpetologisches vom Balkan. – Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrariane-Kunde, Stuttgart, 46 (6): 129-135. (46-14)

Algyroides nigro-punctatus, Algyroides moreoticus, Lacerta agilis exigua, Lacerta anatolica, Lacerta erhardii erhardii, Lacerta erhardii livadiaca, Lacerta erhardii riveti, Lacerta erhardii ruthveni, Lacerta graeca, Lacerta major, Lacerta muralis muralis, Lacerta peloponnesiaca, Lacerta sicula hieroglyphica, Lacerta strigata, Lacerta taurica, Lacerta taurica taurica, Lacerta taurica fiumana, Lacerta taurica jonica, Lacerta viridis var. meridionalis, Lacerta viridis var. vaillanti.

Cyrén, O. (1941): Beiträge zur Herpetologie der Balkanhalbinsel. – Mitt. Koenigl. Naturwiss. Inst., Sofia, 14: 36-152.

Czaker, Renate

Czaker, R. (1970): Das Beutefangverhalten der Bergeidechse Lacerta vivipara Jacq.: Optische Auslösemechanismen und Bau der Retina. – Dissertation Wien. 77 S. (29-01)

1. Das natürliche Beutefangverhalten der Bergeidechsen vesteht aus den Reaktionen, Fixieren, Annähern, Nach-Richten, Züngeln, Schnappen und Totschütteln.
2. Beutefangreaktionen sind auch mit stark abstrahierten optischen Attrappen auslösbar.
3. Die Winkelgröße einer Attrappe besitzt für junge unfd adulte Tiere unterschiedlichen Auslösewert; das große Objekt signalisiert bei erfahrungslosen Jungtieren den Feind, bei Tieren mit Erfahrung aktiviert es Reaktionen des Beutefanges.
4. Sowohl bei jungen als auch bei adulten Eidechsen lösen kleinere Attrappen bevorzugt Zuschnappen aus.
5. Konturenreichere Attrappen (Kreuz, Rechteck, Quadrat) werden, bewegt geboten, vor konturenärmeren (Kreis) bevorzugt.
6. Der wesentliche optische Schlüsselreiz ist die Bewegung eines Objektes.
7. Die Winkelgeschwindigkeit der Attrappe beeinflußt die Aktivierung des Beutefangverhaltens. Die minimale Geschwindigkeit, die Schnappen auslöst, beträgt 1,5 cm/sec, bei ca. 6 cm/sec wird ein Optimum erreicht. Weitere Erhöhung der Geschwindigkeit vermindert die Reaktionshäufigkeit.
8. Gleichförmige Linearbewegungen wirkt dabei noch mindernder als hohe Geschwindigkeit.
9. Die Bewegungsform einer Attrappe stellt den entscheidenden visuellen Schlüsselreiz dar. Je stärker die Bewegung dem Verhalten natürlicher Beuteobjekte angepaßt ist, desto größer ist ihr Auslösewert.
10. Erfahrungslose Eidechdsen bevorzugen gelbe Attrappen vor roten, blauen und grünen; adulte Tiere hingegen rote Attrappen vor gelben, blauen und grünen.
11. Im Freiland lösen die gleichen farbigen Attrappen niemals Schnappen aus.
12. Imprägniert man sie aber mit Heupferdgeruch, so sind vollständige Beutefangreaktionren auslösbar.
13. Die histologische Untersuchung der Retina ergab, daß die Netzhaut nur aus Zapfen (einfache Zapfen und Doppelzapfen) besteht.
14. Die Area zentralis ist nach dorsal temporal verschoben; eine Fovea fehlt.
15. Die Untersuchung der verschiedenfarbigen Zapfenölkugeln (Orange, gelb, Farblos) zeigte eine regionale Verteilung der einzelnen Farben.
16. Orangefarbene Ölkugeln beschränken sich hauptsächlich auf den Fundusbereich, während gelbe Ölkugeln in der Peripherie gehäufter vorkommen.
17. Jungen Eidechsen fehlen orangefarbene Zapfenölkugeln vollständig.
18. Bei Labortieren (ca. ein Jahr in Gefangenschaft) kommt es zu einem Ausbleichen besonders der orangefarbenen Ölkugeln.
19. Die Verhaltensunterschiede in der Farbbevorzugung bei adulten und juvenilen Eidechsen werden mit der altersabhängigen unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzung der einzelnen Farben der retinalen Zapfenölkugeln in Verbindung gebracht.

Czaker, R. (1972): Optische Auslösemechanismen im Beutefangverhalten der Bergeidechse Lacerta vivipara Jacq. – Zool. Jahrb. Physiol., Jena, 76: 554-584. (44-31)

Das nataürliche Beutefangverhalten der Bergeidechse besteht aus den Reaktionen: Fixieren, Annähern, Nach-Richten, Züngeln, Schnappen und Totschütteln. Diese Reaktionen sind auch mit stark abstrahierten optischen Attrappen auslösbar. Der Winkelgröße einer Attrappe kommt für junge und adulte Tiere unterschiedlicher Auslösewert zu: große Objekte signalisieren bei erfahrungslosen Jungen den Feind, bei erfahrenen Tieren werden Beutefangreaktionen aktiviert. Besonders Zuschnappen wird bei jungen und alten Tieren bevorzugt durch kleinere Attrappen ausgelöst. Konturenreichere Attrappen – Kreuz, Rechteck, Quadrat – bewegt geboten, werden der konturenärmeren, dem Kreis, vorgezogen. Der wesentliche optische Schlüsselreiz ist die Bewegung eines Objektes – die Winkelgeschwindigkeit beeinflußt die Aktivierung der Beutefangreaktionen. Die minimale Geschwindigkeit, die Schnappen auslöst, beträgt 1,5 cm/sec, bei 6 cm/sec wird ein Optimum erreicht. Weitere Erhöhung vermindert die Reaktionshäufigkeit ebenso wie gleichförmige Linearbewegung. Die Bewegungsform stellt dabei den entscheidenden, visuellen Schlüsselreiz dar; je äquivalenter sie dem Verhalten natürlicher Beuteobjekte ist, desto größer ist ihr Auslösewert. Erfahrungslose Eidechsen bevorzugen gelbe Attrappen, adulte Tiere rote, vor blauen und grünen. Im Freiland lösen die gleichen farbigen Attrappen niemals Zuschnappen aus, außer man imprägniert sie mit Heupferdgeruch. Die histologische Untersuchung der Retina ergab, daß die Netzhaut nur aus Zapfen (einfache Zapfen und Doppelzapfen) besteht. Die Area zentralis ist nach dem dorsal-temporal verschoben, eine Fovea fehlt. Eine Untersuchung der verschiedenfarbigen Zapfenölkugeln (Orange, Gelb, Farblos) ergab eine regionale Verteilung der einzelnen Farben: orangefarbene Ölkugeln sind hauptsächlich auf den Fundusbereich beschränkt, während gelbe in der Peripherie gehäufter vorkommen. Jungen Tieren fehlen orangefarbene Zapfenölkugeln vollständig. Bei Labortieren (ca. ein Jahr in Gefangenschaft) kommt es zu einem Ausbleichen bes. der orangefarbenen Ölkugeln. Die Verhaltensunterschiede in der Farbbevorzugung bei jungen und adulten Tieren werden mit der altersabhängigen, unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzung der einzelnen Farben der Ölkugeln in verbindung gebracht.

Czekés, R.